Here is HARVARD as we say it is no longer a strong US IVY LEAGUE university---it is a global HEDGE FUND CORPORATE UNIVERSITY just as JOHNS HOPKINS. These are not institutions tied to the WELFARE AND BENEFIT of our US 99% WE THE PEOPLE black, white, and brown. The opposite------they are KILLING our US society and people with TRANSFORMATIONAL----TRANSHUMANISM.HARVARD is one of the TOP institutions promoting AFFORDABLE CARE ACT as tool to install TELEMEDICINE FOR ALL.
We are discuss these next few days the LAWS AND POLICIES used by CONGRESS and our US FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS to determine whether these IMPLANT/BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY MUTILATIONS are FOR THE PUBLIC GOOD.


'It is time for clinicians also to make use of behavioral psychology in their interactions with patients'.


We identified CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS bill from 2016 having a RIDER installed saying FEDERAL FUNDING could not go to embryonic or genetic manipulation research. We share today the global banking 1% CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA TRANSHUMANIST neo-liberals writing MEDICAL OPINION pieces to sway CONGRESS to ELIMINATE that RIDER. Seems these FAR-RIGHT WING, GLOBAL BANKING 1% neo-liberals want UNLIMITED, UNREGULATED GMO HUMAN PRODUCT PATENTING rights.

This HARVARD symbol looking like a CROSS---is not religious and the MOTTO-----VERITAS is no longer applicable to any US FORMER IVY LEAGUE ----they are global corporations and not US academic universities.


Gerald Chan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gerald Chan
Born Gerald Lok Chan
1953/1954 (age 65–66)
Hong Kong
Nationality American
Education UCLA
Harvard University
Occupation Businessman
Net worth US$2.0 billion (jointly with brother, September 2018)[1]
Spouse(s) Beryl W. Chan
Children 2 sons
Parent(s) T.H. Chan
Relatives Ronnie Chan (brother)



Gerald L. Chan (born 1953/1954) is a Hong Kong-born American billionaire, and the brother of fellow billionaire Ronnie Chan.[2] They run the Hang Lung Group, of which he is a director.



Early life

Gerald Chan is the son of T.H. Chan. He earned BS and MS degrees in Engineering from UCLA, and a master's degree in Medical Radiological Physics and doctorate in Radiation Biology from Harvard University.[3] In the 1970s, he became a US citizen.[4]



#24 Carlos Chan
2019 Philippines 50 Richest NET WORTH
$610M
as of 9/24/19
Carlos Chan owns Oishi brand, which makes snacks like selling potato chips, candy and prawn chips.
He started the business in 1993 in China, where he leased a state-run factory and sent his sons to run operations.
He also has hospitality interests through a venture with Chinese brand Jin Jiang in partnership with Edgar Sia II.
In January 2019, Chan was reappointed as a special envoy to China by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte to improve ties with Beijing.

This article was written in BUSH NEO-CON TEXAS in 2009 -----at the same time the US was being brought down by ROBBER BARON few decades of CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA massive frauds, criminality and BUSH coming to office that next year.

BENEFICENT PERSUASION----AKA STANFORD TOTAL PRISON MODEL AND PSYCHO-SEXUAL TORTURE to get freedom and liberty-loving US 99% WE THE PEOPLE to group speak and chatter just like THE CHAN FAMILY does in CHINA.

SICKO AMERICA WAS GLOBAL BANKING 1% CORPORATE PRODUCED---OUR US 99% WE THE PEOPLE DID VERY WELL WHILE WE HAD A SOVEREIGN, HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL, DOMESTIC----US ECONOMY.


Beneficent Persuasion: Techniques and Ethical Guidelines to Improve Patients’ Decisions

1. J. S. Swindell, PhD1,
2. Amy L. McGuire, JD, PhD1 and
3. Scott D. Halpern, MD, PhD, MBE2,3

+ Author Affiliations

1. 
   1Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
2. 
   2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Center for Bioethics; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3. 
   3Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

1. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: J. S. Swindell, PhD, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS 420, Houston, TX 77030-4311, jsswinde@bcm.edu

Abstract


Physicians frequently encounter patients who make decisions that contravene their long-term goals.



Behavioral economists have shown that irrationalities and self-thwarting tendencies pervade human decision making, and they have identified a number of specific heuristics (rules of thumb) and biases that help explain why patients sometimes make such counterproductive decisions. In this essay, we use clinical examples to describe the many ways in which these heuristics and biases influence patients’ decisions. We argue that physicians should develop their understanding of these potentially counterproductive decisional biases and, in many cases, use this knowledge to rebias their patients in ways that promote patients’ health or other values.



Using knowledge of decision-making psychology to persuade patients to engage in healthy behaviors or to make treatment decisions that foster their long-term goals is ethically justified by physicians’ duties to promote their patients’ interests and will often enhance, rather than limit, their patients’ autonomy. We describe techniques that physicians may use to frame health decisions to patients in ways that are more likely to motivate patients to make choices that are less biased and more conducive to their long-term goals. Marketers have been using these methods for decades to get patients to engage in unhealthy behaviors; employers and policy makers are beginning to consider the use of similar approaches to influence healthy choices. It is time for clinicians also to make use of behavioral psychology in their interactions with patients.


Key Words:

• Decision making
• professional autonomy
• informed consent
• ethics
• persuasive communication

• Received for publication May 20, 2009.
• Revision received September 17, 2009.
• Accepted for publication November 2, 2009.

• © 2010 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.

________________________________________

Here is one of the authors of the last shared article-----AMY L MCGUIRE who works for a global private profiteering predatory medical system being allowed to be called BIOETHICAL WRITER.  She also appears in that OPINION LETTER published in NATURE JOURNAL with goals of persuading CONGRESS to drop the RIDER protecting our US 99% WE THE PEOPLE from these TRANSHUMANIST MUTILATIONS.


Beneficent Persuasion: Techniques and Ethical Guidelines to Improve Patients’ Decisions

1. J. S. Swindell, PhD1,
2. Amy L. McGuire, JD, PhD1

BENEFICIENT PERSUASION in 2009-----becomes SUPPORT FOR MITOCHONDRIAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY in 2019.  That one decade--------


'Correspondence
Published: 03 June 2019

In support of mitochondrial replacement therapy

Eli Y. Adashi, Arthur L. Caplan, Alexander Capron, Audrey R. Chapman, Mildred Cho, Ellen Wright Clayton, I. Glenn Cohen, Robert Cook-Deegan, Ruth R. Faden, Theodore Friedmann, Lawrence O. Gostin, Henry T. Greely, Josephine Johnston, Eric Juengst, Patricia A. King, Lori P. Knowles, Anne Drapkin Lyerly, Amy L. McGuire, Jonathan D. Moreno, Karen Rothenberg, Robert D. Truog & LeRoy Walters



Nature Medicine volume 25, pages870–871(2019)Cite this article

To the Editor — A US law aimed at preventing the gene editing of human embryos has had the broader effect of banning an intervention that seeks to prevent mitochondrial diseases'.

AMY L MCGUIRE of HOUSTON, TEXAS MEDICAL INSTITUTION is a GLOBAL CORPORATE LAWYER----HAVING A PH.D IN MEDICAL ETHICS.


A lawyer tied to global medical corporations is a BARBER SURGEON----not a PHYSICIAN.  These BIOETHICS research articles are FAKE DATA FAKE NEWS and not tied to our US PUBLIC HEALTH guidelines for COURTS----LEGAL STANDINGS.

There is NO LEGAL PRECEDENCE for GLOBAL CORPORATIONS deciding what is good for public health.



Amy L. McGuire,


Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA


'Amy Lynn McGuire, J.D., Ph.D. | People | Houston, Texaswww.bcm.edu/people/view/amy-mcguire-j-d-ph-d/b...


Hmmmm, PRE-CHRISTIAN NERO/CATO/SENECA ----NOT RELIGIOUS AND NOT CHRISTIAN.


'Jaworski was born in Waco, Texas, on September 19, 1905, to an Austrian mother and a Polish father. He was christened Leonidas, after a king of ancient Sparta who courageously gave his life for his beliefs. Jaworski's father, an evangelical minister, instilled in him from an early age a deep and abiding Christian faith and sense of duty'.



'Dr. McGuire is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy. She received her BA in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania, summa cum laude, her JD from the University of Houston, summa cum laude, and her PhD, with distinction, from the Institute for Medical Humanities at University of Texas Medical Branch.

Famous for his work as a Special Prosecutor during the Nixon administration's Watergate Scandal, he is also notable for his post-World War II work as a war crimes prosecutor'.

1. 'Bioethics after the Holocaust - Speakersevents.houstonmethodist.org/events/bioethics... Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics Director, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine Jonathan D. Moreno, PhD'
   
   
   These connections to WW2 and GLOBAL BANKING FASCIST MEDICAL ATROCITIES cannot drive our US MEDICAL policies and certainly not the MEDICAL BIOETHICS.

The Genomic Medicine Integrative Research Framework: A Conceptual Framework for Conducting Genomic Medicine ResearchArticle in The American Journal of Human Genetics 104(6) · May 2019


DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.04.006
Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D.,



'Geisinger Health Plan may refer collectively to Geisinger Health Plan, Geisinger Quality Options Inc., and Geisinger Indemnity Insurance Company, unless otherwise noted. Geisinger Gold Medicare Advantage HMO, PPO, and HMO SNP plans are offered by Geisinger Health Plan/Geisinger Indemnity Insurance Company, health plans with a Medicare contract.

Continued enrollment in Geisinger Gold depends on annual contract renewal'.


'What is MyCode? - Geisinger
www.geisinger.org/precision-health/mycode



The MyCode Community Health Initiative is a precision medicine project enrolling at Geisinger locations in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. It includes a system-wide biobank designed to store blood and other samples for research use by Geisinger and Geisinger collaborators'.

____________________________________________


GLENN COHEN is one of the authors of OPINION LETTER in NATURE supporting TRANSHUMANISM and wanting to remove the RIDER in APPROPRIATIONS BILL protecting our US citizens from EMBRYONIC AND BIOCHEMICAL genetic manipulations we call MUTILATIONS.

COHEN is supporting the idea that NON-PERSONS AKA ---ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE are HUMANS WITH RIGHTS. This TED TALKS-----global banking 1% MEDIA OUTLET.

Does GLENN COHEN really know what HUMAN BIOETHICS is? The answer is---NO----so, why is he writing BIOETHICS public policy which CONGRESS and our US COURTS/judges are to refer?

When bringing MY CASE to Federal courts this will be my stance against any attempt to align MY CASE to illegally constructed BIOETHICS POLICY.

FAR-RIGHT WING, GLOBAL BANKING 5% FREEMASON/GREEK PLAYERS ARE NOT LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVES THEY ARE EXTREME WEALTH EXTREME POVERTY GLOBAL CORPORATE MARXISTS .

That is why the CHINESE CHAN BILLIONAIRE FAMILY is BFF----and not our US 99% WE THE PEOPLE black, white, and brown.


We will be looking at 100 years of US BIOETHICS to inform any US court and judge.

GLENN COHEN as AMY L. MCGUIRE are not relevant in US regarding BIOETHICS.

'Glenn Cohen' named below as author:



'Correspondence
Published: 03 June 2019

In support of mitochondrial replacement therapy

Eli Y. Adashi, Arthur L. Caplan, Alexander Capron, Audrey R. Chapman, Mildred Cho, Ellen Wright Clayton, I. Glenn Cohen, Robert Cook-Deegan, Ruth R. Faden, Theodore Friedmann, Lawrence O. Gostin, Henry T. Greely, Josephine Johnston, Eric Juengst, Patricia A. King, Lori P. Knowles, Anne Drapkin Lyerly, Amy L. McGuire, Jonathan D. Moreno, Karen Rothenberg, Robert D. Truog & LeRoy Walters



Nature Medicine volume 25, pages870–871(2019)Cite this article

*******************************************************


If we want to live a moral life, how should we treat animals or complex artificial intelligence?

What kinds of rights should non-humans have? Harvard Law Pro...

About this website
youtube.com
Are There Non-human Persons?
Are There Non-person Humans? | Glenn Cohen | TEDxCambridge

______________________________________________

Below we see a USED CAR SALESMAN as donating and establishing a HEALTH LAW POLICY CENTER---at HARVARD with the CHAN FAMILY.  A CORPORATE RAIDER AS LAWYER tied to all this merger and acquisition of our DOMESTIC US CORPORATIONS handing them to OLD WORLD KINGS DARK AGES GLOBAL CORPORATIONS is not the ETHICS we want in US for vital HEALTH AND MEDICINE PUBLIC POLICY.



'The PetrieFlom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at - Harvard Law School was founded in 2005 through a generous gift from Joseph H. Flom and the Carroll and Milton Petrie Foundation, with the goal of promoting interdisciplinary analysis and legal scholarship in these fields'



This is why we call these GLOBAL HEALTH INSTITUTIONS AND RESEARCH ---BARBER SURGEONS----they are not tied to being THE PHYSICIAN.

This is why US citizens are being HIT-----FORCED INTO MEDICAL RESEARCH STUDIES----institutions feeling they will not be HELD LEGALLY ACCOUNTABLE.  This is why MY LAWSUIT will MOVE FORWARD and WIN.


Joseph Flom'From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Joseph H. Flom


BornDecember 21, 1923
Baltimore, Maryland
DiedFebruary 23, 2011 (aged 87)
New York City
NationalityAmerican
Alma materCity College of New York
Harvard Law School (J.D.)
OccupationLawyer
Spouse(s)Claire Cohen (m. 1958⁠–⁠2007)
Judi Sorensen (m. 2008)
ChildrenJason Flom


Joseph Harold "Joe" Flom (December 21, 1923 – February 23, 2011) was an American lawyer and pioneer of mergers and acquisitions, specializing in representing companies in takeover battles.[1] By the 1980s, he had acquired a reputation of being "Mr. Takeover" (whereas Martin Lipton was known as "Mr. Defense").[2] Flom became a partner at what is now known as Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in 1954, and helped transform it from a four-lawyer firm into one of the largest law firms in the United States.[3] In 1999, The American Lawyer named him one of their "Lawyers of the Century"'.





I. Glenn Cohen

Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA


I. Glenn Cohen
I. Glenn Cohen


Born1978


Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Alma mater

University of Toronto B.A.
Harvard Law School J.D.
OccupationProfessor



Director, Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics
Associate Member, Broad Institute


Employer
Harvard Law School



Known for

Bioethics & Law; Health Law; Medical Tourism, Reproductive technology


I. Glenn Cohen (born 1978 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He is also the director of Harvard Law School's Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics.[1]



Cohen has written a number of articles, appearing in journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine; JAMA; Cell; Nature; the Harvard, Stanford, Southern California, Minnesota, Iowa, and Hastings Law Reviews; the Harvard Journal of Law and Negotiation; the Harvard Journal of Law and Technology; the Food and Drug Law Journal; the Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics; and the Hastings Center Reports.


BELOW WE SEE COHEN IS A SOURCE OF MEDICAL INFORMATION REPEATED IN OUR MAINSTREAM NATIONAL FAKE NEWS FAKE DATA MEDIA OUTLETS.

He has given interviews and been cited by the New York Times,[2] Politico,[3] CNN,[4] ABC News,[5] MSNBC,[6] The Boston Globe, Mother Jones,[7] NPR,[8] PBS,[9] and AOL News.[10]


___________________________

HANK GREELY is another author of OPINION LETTER in NATURE fighting against the RIDER in Congressional appropriations bill saying WE DON'T WANT embryonic or body chemistry mutilations.


 HANK says----why have SEX at all----we can BIOENGINEER the perfect baby for you------IT WILL COST YOU.


PCMag recently interviewed Stanford Professor Henry T. Greely about accelerating biotechnologies that will--in the not-crazy-distant-future—allow prospective ...

youtube.com
Bioethicist Hank Greely talks about "the end of sex" (the baby-making kind, at least)


PCMag recently interviewed Stanford Professor Henry T. Greely about accelerating biotechnologies that will—in the not-crazy-distant-future—allow prospective ...

**********************************************************

'Henry T. Greely,Henry T. Greely

Law School, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA


'Henry T. "Hank" Greely is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University.


KATE EDELMAN tied to HOLLYWOOD is able to FUND A CHAIR/PROFESSOR at STANFORD dealing with MEDICAL BIOETHICS.  She is not tied to MEDICINE.  Deane Edelman tied to BOOZ global private military corporation in REAL ESTATE----has no background in MEDICINE OR BIOETHICS.

'Kate Edelman Johnson - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Edelman_Johnson
Kate Edelman Johnson is a film producer and daughter of motion picture producer, Louis F. Edelman, and the widow of Deane F. Johnson, entertainment attorney and Managing Partner of O'Melveny & Meyers. She started her career working for her father on his television series' and then moved to New York to work for Roone Arledge at ABC Sports'


'Deane Edelman - Booz Allen Hamiltonwww.boozallen.com/e/bio/leadership/deane-edelman... Deane Edelman is a leader in Booz Allen's real estate and facilities operations'.


He specializes in ethical, legal, and social issues arising from advances in the biosciences, particularly from genetics, neuroscience, and human stem cell research. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. He serves as a member of the NAS Committee on Science, Technology, and Law; the NIGMS Advisory Council, the Institute of Medicine’s Neuroscience Forum, and the NIH Multi-Center Working Group on the BRAIN Initiative. Professor Greely graduated from Stanford in 1974 and from Yale Law School in 1977. He served as a law clerk for Judge John Minor Wisdom on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and for Justice Potter Stewart of the United States Supreme Court.

He began teaching at Stanford in 1985'.



'Academic Appointments

Professor, Stanford Law School
Professor (By courtesy), Genetics
Member, Bio-X
Member, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI)
Member, Stanford Cancer Institute



Member, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute'

____________________________________________

GREELY came to STANFORD during REAGAN era and today is lead spokesperson for TRANSHUMANISM with lots and lots of ties to CHINESE GLOBAL 1% having billlions of dollars and NO TIES TO MEDICINE or BIOETHICS.

'Henry T. Greely,Henry T. Greely
DARK WEB BITCOIN and Chinese ONE WORLD ONE TECHNOLOGY GRID ALIBABA.  Of course global 1% FAKE NEWS media love to PRETEND these Chinese technology corporations are HACKING AND BRINGING OUR US TECHNOLOGY system down------

OH, REALLY?  IT APPEARS THEY ARE PARTNERED WITH STANFORD TOTAL PRISON MODEL.






Jihan Wu - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihan_Wu Jihan Wu (Chinese: 吳忌寒; born 1986) is a Chinese billionaire cryptocurrency entrepreneur. Together with Micree Zhan, he co-founded Bitmain in 2013, which has become the world's largest computer chip company for bitcoin mining, with US$2.5 billion in revenue in 2017.
Nationality: Chinese
Education: Peking University
Born: Wu Jihan, 1986 (age 32–33), Chongqing, China
Residence: Beijing


Bruno Wu - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Wu Bruno Wu (born 1966) is a Chinese billionaire media entrepreneur in China. Wu is the founder, co-chairman (with his wife Yang Lan) and CEO of Sun Seven Stars Entertainment & Media Group Limited, one of the biggest private media and investment companies in China. Wu studied at the University of Savoy, Chambery, France.
Nationality: Chinese
Occupation: Businessman
Net worth: US$1.0 billion (October 2016)
Alma mater: Culver–Stockton College, Washin




Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute

- Home | Facebookwww.facebook.com/WuTsaiNeurosciencesInstitute Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. 2.3K likes.


The Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute is dedicated to understanding how the brain gives rise to mental life...

2After Graduating from Stanford in 1988, She & Tsai Gave Back to the Neuroscience Department

Clara Wu, Joseph Tsai’s Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know

• By Sam Dodge

• Updated Aug 16, 2019 at 2:26pm

Clara Wu is the wife of Brooklyn Nets governor Joseph Tsai. Her husband owned 49 percent of the NBA franchise until he purchased the remaining 51 percent on Friday from Mikhail Prokhorov. He also now owns the Barclays Center, where the Nets play home games.
He is also the co-founder and executive vice-chairman of Chinese internet giant Alibaba Group. Wu worked in finance prior to meeting Tsai. Since their marriage, she has participated in several philanthropic and investment opportunities on her own, as well as alongside her husband.
Here’s what you need to know about her, as well as the Tsai family.

1. Tsai & Wu Married in New York City in 1996Born Clara Ming-Hua Wu, she married Joseph Chung-Hsin Tsai on Oct. 6, 1996 at the Park Avenue Christian Church in New York. According to the New York Times, the ceremony was performed by a Baptist minister.
The wedding announcement states that she was 30 at the time, placing her birth year somewhere in between 1965 and 1966. The article provides further information on her educational and family background.
The bride, 30, is a senior manager in the business analysis unit of the finance group at American Express Travel Related Services in New York. She graduated from Stanford University, from which she also received a master’s degree in international relations, and received an M.B.A. from Harvard University. She is the daughter of Dr. and Mrs. De-Min Wu of Lawrence, Kan., where Dr. Wu is a professor of economics at the University of Kansas.
She also served as an executive at Taobao, China’s largest online shopping site. Go back one generation, and she hails from Taiwanese heritage. Wu’s grandfather Wu San-Lien was the first elected mayor of Taipei City, according to Bloomberg.

Yesterday, we discussed how CIS configuration in DNA is being isolated and used for BRAIN/BODY IMPLANT new products building solar-powered ARRAYS using HUMAN/ANIMAL TISSUE.  Imagine a LASER hitting the pupil directed at RETINAL IMPLANT to recharge battery array in older models now having HUMAN TISSUE on surface of TITANIUM OXIDE ALLOY IMPLANT.  The human tissue replaces that BATTERY but needs SOLAR/ENZYME to activate what is a natural body occurrence -----OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. 

The TITANIUM IMPLANT has OXYGEN as the partner to make the ALLOY because OXYGEN is needed for interaction with CIS configurated DNA used for artificially manipulated creation of MICROCHONDRIAL ATP. 

We like this definition of MUTILATION because it identifies LEGAL PRECEDENCE surrounding the 5Ws of why this is MUTILATION.  Below I show one defining factor -----LOSS OF USE OF ANY 'LIMBS' which may be useful to him in FIGHT-----that loss amounts to MAYHEM.

ATP is the energy source for ALL our human body functions.



'MUTILATION, crim. law.

The depriving a man of the use of any of those limbs, which may be useful to him in fight, the loss of which amounts to mayhem.
1 Bl. Com. 130.


A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States. By John Bouvier. Published 1856'.

HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AS BARBER SURGEONS are doing just this.  They are first, denaturing our natural order of DNA----they are denaturing our natural order of PROTEINS---and they are denaturing VITAL biochemical pathways in this to ALL OUR BODY ENERGY PRODUCTION and bypassing that energy creation to fueling BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTS.

'Energy Generation

Now that the electrons have been used to push protons out into the intermembrane space, an electrochemical gradient has been established. There is a higher positive charge on the outside of the mitochondria than there is on the inside. This gradient will be the final catalyst that allows for usable energy generation through oxidative phosphorylation.


The final protein complex involved in oxidative phosphorylation is ATP synthase, which is essentially a motor or factory that creates ATP, the basic unit of energy for all metabolic processes and chemical pathways – the fuel for our cellular survival'.

The loss of OXYGEN OR THE LOSS OF APT production takes lots of energy away-----people tired---fatigued----and normal body activities are disrupted.


'Coated carbon nanotubes act as solar cells'.

This will be the latest EXPERIMENTAL IMPLANT DEVICE installed as any one of BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTS.  HOSTING SERVER BARBER SURGEONS say over and again---this is only about treating DISEASE VECTORS---yet, global banking MARKET is selling GOOGLE LENS----and RETINAL IMPLANTS as a COOL WAY TO BE BIONIC.  The goals are not HELPING ---they are WAYS TOWARDS CORPORATE PROFIT.

'The most sophisticated “bionic eye” available today is the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System developed by California-based Second Sight'.

FEEDBACK on THE NETWORK says EVERY MAN STANDING NEAR ME will be receiving PORN via these RETINAL IMPLANTS--------our US 99% of men saying -----SEND ME THAT PORN as they lose their sight in only 20 years with these implants.


Artificial Retina Implants: Seeing Is Believing

Posted By: admin

on: July 15, 2019



In: Things are really looking up for people who suffer from vision loss.



Scientists from Sweden and Israel teamed up to develop the thinnest retinal implant in the world. The wireless device is layered with gold and organic tattoo ink. The replacement retina contains no silicone and is a remarkable 500 times less thick than any other retinal implant on the market today.


This is great news for the 39 million blind people alive today plus the additional 245 million people with moderate to extreme vision impairments.



Malfunctioning photoreceptors – the layer of rods and cones inside the eyeball – are at the root of most cases of blindness and vision loss:


“The retina is a thin membrane on the back of the eye that converts incoming light into electrical signals that are then processed by the brain. The retina is only half a millimeter thick but contains three distinct cellular layers. The bottom layer, farthest from the light source, holds the rods and cones, also known as photoreceptor cells. It’s the photoreceptor layer that’s compromised in people with retinal diseases.”


The artificial retina may be an effective treatment in humans for retinitis pigmentosa or macular degeneration as well as to repair traumatic injuries.


In macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, the slow atrophy and ultimate failure of the body’s natural rods and cones in the retina causes vision loss.


Glial cells in the top layer of the retina receive electrical impulses from the photoreceptors and transmit them through the optic nerve for image processing by the brain. In the 1980s, researchers found a way to bypass the rods and cones completely and route electrical signals directly to the glial cells.



The most sophisticated “bionic eye” available today is the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System developed by California-based Second Sight.

An external video camera mounted on a pair of sunglasses captures images for transmission to a small video-processing unit the patient carries. The images are converted into electrical impulses that are sent wirelessly to an array of electrodes implanted in the back of the eye. The implant broadcasts the electrical signals to the glial cells which relay them to the brain for interpretive processing.



Bionic eyes have several definite shortcomings: they can only be implanted in one eye, patients must wear a power source and processor at all times, and the most successful cases improve visual acuity only to the low level of 20/1200 – normal vision is considered 20/20 – with no ability to recognize color and limited perception.



Two Chinese researchers, Jiayi Zhang and Gengfeng Zheng at Fudan University in Shanghai, invented a new way to bypass the eye’s photoreceptor layer and make a direct connection to the glial cells by means of semiconducting nanowires of titania flecked with gold nanoparticles that model the form and function of natural, healthy photoreceptors.


The team built the device by painting two layers of organic pigment on a base layer of gold. They immersed this superconductor “sandwich” in a saltwater solution similar to the environment inside an eyeball. When exposed to light, the device charges and generates an electric field that stimulates nearby vision neurons.


The Chinese research duo claims that their prosthetic retina does restore full-color vision and needs no external power or processor devices to operate. Because it is made from organic material, the risk of rejection associated with silicone-based implants may be much lower with the new artificial retina.



Zhang and Zheng tested their prosthetic system in cultured neurons and in retinas from chicken embryos before they had developed photoreceptors. The device created enough electricity in both scenarios to power surrounding retinal neurons.


Live rabbits are being used as test subjects now to see if the retinal implant can transmit a response to red light, which rabbits are unable to detect normally.
One final encouraging innovation in the medical field of artificial retinas comes from a New Jersey company called Natcore which is developing a retinal implant that is powered by the sun.


The solar-powered implant doesn’t need a camera, a transmitter, or any other external device in order to function. It can work if the patient’s nerves are alive and only the rods and cones are damaged. The design calls for wavelength selection which could restore the ability to see colors.


This prosthetic consists of a flat round disc, about the size of a pencil eraser, that is surgically implanted. Coated carbon nanotubes act as solar cells. Light entering the eye is focused onto the artificial retina by the lens, causing a voltage buildup which triggers a visual signal transmission to the brain. In this remarkable device, the nanotubes not only generate solar power but they replace the body’s native photoreceptor cells.
___________________________________________

This process is deemed social benefit because global banking 1% say they are HELPING PROFOUND VISUALLY IMPAIRED TO SEE.  What these devices do is simply provide a network to connect 24/7 streaming VIDEO virtual reality to that person's RETINAL AND OPTIC NERVE to send THOSE IMAGES to the disabled person's brain. 

IT IS NOT GIVING NATURAL SIGHT---IT IS BUILDING PLATFORM FOR VIRTUAL REALITY VIDEO STREAMING.

Since this does not give NATURAL SIGHT and since the BRAIN IMPLANT itself will DAMAGE surrounding soft tissue and sensory nerves-----IT IS A MUTILATION -----

The PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS work because of the BODY ENERGY ATP created by OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.  The ARTIFICIAL PHOTORECEPTOR is replacing natural body functions with a process which DISTORTS normal DNA-----DISTORTS normal ATP processes-----which DISTORTS what that BLIND person is really seeing.



When exposed to light, the device charges and generates an electric field that stimulates nearby vision neurons.

In this remarkable device, the nanotubes not only generate solar power but they replace the body’s native photoreceptor cells.

So, people say---THIS IS JUST ONE IMPLANT or they say a BLIND PERSON may VOLUNTEER to future damage to access VIRTUAL REALITY.  Let's look at how all this can be used for BAD MENDACIUM CORPORATION use.

I have an older version of RETINAL IMPLANT which will harm and deteriorate my normal vision.  Today, people getting this NEW BRAND will have all that HASTENED----the BAD EFFECTS I will feel will be WORSE for the coming generation.

GLOBAL 1% MENDACIUM CORPORATION wanting to de-populate or CONTROL 99.9% of global people would simply FORCE like me---the installation of these implants.

REMEMBER, these SOLAR ARRAY ENERGY source pathways will be tied to ALL BODY IMPLANTS---tied to ALL BOTS------BOTS are to be placed inside BODY by the billions.  These are MITOCHONDRIAL MUTILATIONS-----this is where the KREBS CYCLE creating the majority of ATP takes place.

'bipyridine' is a DNA protein seen below being altered from TRANS configuration to CIS configuration.


'is not yet sufficiently understood'.


Here we see why CONGRESSIONAL actions placed a RIDER against MRT------MOVING FORWARD places every human in a position of NOT BEING ABLE TO FIGHT------what will be a KILL BUTTON.


Metal leads to the desired configuration

Date:
October 9, 2018
Source:
University of Basel



Summary:


Scientists have found a way to change the spatial arrangement of bipyridine molecules on a surface. These potential components of dye-sensitized solar cells form complexes with metals and thereby alter their chemical conformation.



Scientists at the University of Basel have found a way to change the spatial arrangement of bipyridine molecules on a surface. These potential components of dye-sensitized solar cells form complexes with metals and thereby alter their chemical conformation. The results of this interdisciplinary collaboration between chemists and physicists from Basel were recently published in the scientific journal ACS Omega.



Dye-sensitized solar cells have been considered a sustainable alternative to conventional solar cells for many years, even if their energy yield is not yet fully satisfactory. The efficiency can be increased with the use of tandem solar cells, where the dye-sensitized solar cells are stacked on top of each other.



The way in which the dye, which absorbs sunlight, is anchored to the semiconductor plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of these solar cells. However, the anchoring of the dyes on nickel oxide surfaces -- which are particularly suitable for tandem dye-sensitized cells -- is not yet sufficiently understood.



Binding on surfaces


Over the course of an interdisciplinary collaboration, scientists from the Swiss Nanoscience Institute and the Departments of Physics and Chemistry at the University of Basel investigated how single bipyridine molecules bind to nickel oxide and gold surfaces.


Bipyridine crystals served as an anchor molecule for dye-sensitized cells on a semiconductor surface. This anchor binds the metal complexes, which in turn can then be used to bind the various dyes.


With the aid of scanning probe microscopes, the investigation determined that initially the bipyridine molecules bind flat to the surface in their trans configuration.

The addition of iron atoms and an increase in temperature cause a rotation around a carbon atom in the bipyridine molecule and thus leads to the formation of the cis configuration.


"The chemical composition of the cis and trans configuration is the same, but their spatial arrangement is very different. "The change in configuration can be clearly distinguished on the basis of scanning probe microscope measurements," confirms experimental physicist Professor Ernst Meyer.



Metal complexes in a modified configuration



This change in spatial arrangement is the result of formation of a metal complex, as confirmed by the scientists through their examination of the bipyridine on a gold surface.


During the preparation of the dye-sensitized solar cells, these reactions take place in a solution. However, the examination of individual molecules and their behavior is only possible with the use of scanning probe microscopes in vacuum.


"This study allowed us to observe for the first time how molecules that are firmly bound to a surface change their configuration," summarizes Meyer. "This enables us to better understand how anchor molecules behave on nickel oxide surfaces."

________________________________________________

The second point about this one RETINAL IMPLANT MRT procedure is this:  the DISEASE VECTORS targeted for 'successful' prognosis are all MARGINAL ----SMALL NUMBERS OF PEOPLE-----have these EYE DISORDERS.

There is no BASIC SCIENCE saying this will happen---there is GREAT history of IMPLANT DAMAGE that BARBER SURGEONS KNOW will happen-----and the real reasons for doing these research on MRT is tied to deBOER global mining corporations wanting SPACE MINING SLAVES.



'Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrially inherited (transmitted from mother to offspring) degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that leads to an acute or subacute loss of central vision'

There is nothing more ENSLAVING then having these IMPLANT DEVICES inside your body seeking to KILL ALL KINDS OF NATURAL biological pathways.

So, ENSLAVING is the goal of MOVING FORWARD MITOCHONDRIAL REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES for our EARTH-BOUND 99% WE THE PEOPLE---while HUMAN HIBERNATION and extremely hostile planetary environmental acclimation creates needs for TRANSHUMANISM-----

THAT IS THE ONLY DRIVER IN THESE CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.




Epidemiology
In Northern European populations about one in 9000 people carry one of the three primary LHON mutations.[37] [38]

There is a prevalence of between 1:30,000 to 1:50,000 in Europe'.


'Wolfram syndrome


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wolfram syndrome
Other names
Diabetes insipidus-diabetes mellitus-optic atrophy-deafness syndrome
Photographic image of the patient right eye showing optic atrophy without diabetic retinopathy; from Manaviat et al., 2009[1]
Specialty

Medical genetics, neurology Wolfram syndrome, also called DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness), is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder that causes childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness as well as various other possible disorders.[2]


It was first described in four siblings in 1938 by Dr. Don J. Wolfram, M.D.[2] The disease affects the central nervous system (especially the brainstem)'.


'Pigmentary retinopathy
Retinitis pigmentosa, mid stage
KSS results in a pigmentation of the retina, primarily in the posterior fundus. The appearance is described as a "salt-and-pepper" appearance. There is diffuse depigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium with the greatest effect occurring at the macula. This is in contrast to retinitis pigmentosa where the pigmentation is peripheral. The appearance of the retina in KSS is similar to that seen in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (abbreviated DM1). Modest night-blindness can be seen in patients with KSS. Visual acuity loss is usually mild and only occurs in 40–50% of patients'
Hereditary spastic paraplegiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



Prognosis

Although HSP is a progressive condition, the prognosis for individuals with HSP varies greatly. It primarily affects the legs although there can be some upperbody involvement in some individuals. Some cases are seriously disabling while others are less disabling and are compatible with a productive and full life. The majority of individuals with HSP have a normal life expectancy.[16]

'A piece of high school genetics, relied on for many sorts of genetic testing, has been found to have exceptions. Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is normally received from the mother, three families have been identified where people received some of their mtDNA, three-quarters in the most extreme case, from their father. The finding may change the way we treat mitochondrial diseases and brings genetic testing for maternal ancestry into question.



MtDNA exists separately from the rest of our DNA, inside the thousands of mitochondria within each cell, rather than the cell nucleus. It is so widely accepted as being from the mother's side it is sometimes known as the Eve Gene, the idea being that it can be traced back to some primeval mother of all living humans. Testing of mtDNA is used to identify maternal ancestry'.


Mitochondrial Disease Clinic

Mayo's Mitochondrial Disease Clinic is staffed by a specialized geneticist and genetic counselor care team and coordinated with multiple specialties and genetic laboratories.



Mitochondria are specialized compartments within your body's cells that are responsible for creating most of the body's energy. Mitochondrial disease results from failure of mitochondria to function properly. This can lead to less energy, cell injury and cell death. The most common organs that may experience damage are the brain, heart, liver, muscles, kidneys and the endocrine system.


Mitochondrial diseases present from early childhood to adulthood. Depending on the specific type of mitochondrial disease, common symptoms include muscle weakness, imbalance, gastrointestinal problems, poor growth, liver disease, heart disease, diabetes, visual and hearing issues, lactic acidosis, and developmental delays. Mitochondrial disease may be inherited.



Disorders evaluated in Mayo's Mitochondrial Disease Clinic include, among others:


Alpers progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy (Alpers disease)


Barth syndrome

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)


Dominant optic atrophy


Friedreich's ataxia


Hereditary paraganglioma


Hereditary spastic paraplegia


Kearns-Sayre syndrome


Leber hereditary optic neuropathy


Leigh and Leigh-like syndrome


Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)


Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)

Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)

Pearson syndrome

Wolfram syndrome

Patients seen in our Mitochondrial Disease Clinic also have the opportunity to participate in the North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium.
_______________________________________

Why are so many WOMEN being HIT by HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG?


  It is not only THE PORN-----these EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH are tied to MATERNAL DNA----MICROCHONDRIAL DISORDERS.  As we said---the numbers of people actually having these disease vector is minimal. 

BEING HIT------and FORCED TO IMPLANTS------is creating HEALTHY PEOPLE BEING MADE SICKO.



'However, MRTs only concern mitochondrial disorders that are maternally inherited'.


REMEMBER, THE UK today is simply a global banking 1% economy ------no connections to human welfare.  Hmmmm. global banking 1% goals MOVING FORWARD de-population ---are they really interested in very marginal disease vectors saving CHILDREN?  Of course not.

'These possibilities are: naturally conceiving a child with the risk of transmitting the disorder; adopting a child; using egg donation'


'While research on MRTs has been ongoing for more than 10 years in the UK'


'it was rarely specified whether their families were affected by nuclear or mitochondrial mutations and thus whether these techniques were of any practical use to them.
Often, in fact, they were not suitable for MRTs'.





Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques:

Who are the Potential Users and will they Benefit?





Cathy Herbrand
First published: 14 December 2016
https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12311
Citations: 12



Abstract



In February 2015 the UK became the first country to legalise high‐profile mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs), which involve the creation of offspring using genetic material from three individuals. The aim of these new cell reconstruction techniques is to prevent the transmission of maternally inherited mitochondrial disorders to biological offspring. During the UK debates, MRTs were often positioned as a straightforward and unique solution for the ‘eradication’ of mitochondrial disorders, enabling hundreds of women to have a healthy, biologically‐related child. However, many questions regarding future applications and potential users remain. Drawing on a current qualitative study on reproductive choices in the context of mitochondrial disorders, this article illustrates how the potential limitations of MRTs have been obscured in public debates by contrasting the claims made about the future beneficiaries with insights from families affected by mitochondrial disorders and medical experts. The analysis illuminates the complex choices with which families and individuals affected by mitochondrial disorders are faced, which have thus far remained invisible. An argument is presented for improved information for the public as well as an intensification of critical empirical research around the complex and specific needs of future beneficiaries of new reproductive biotechnologies.



Introduction


In February 2015 the UK became the first country to legalise high‐profile mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs),1 which aim to prevent the transmission of inherited disorders by creating offspring using genetic material from three individuals. During the UK public and parliamentary debates, MRTs were often positioned as a straightforward and unique solution for the ‘eradication’ of mitochondrial disorders, enabling hundreds of women to have a healthy, biologically‐related child. However, many questions regarding the future applications and potential users remain.



Drawing on a current qualitative study on reproductive choices in the context of mitochondrial disorders, this article discusses the issue of the future beneficiaries of MRTs by contrasting public and media discourses surrounding the techniques with the insights of families directly affected by mitochondrial disorders, as well as medical experts. The article suggests that while the media interest in these techniques and the surrounding debates have certainly increased the visibility of mitochondrial disorders and resulted in public interest in them, the discussions of the technologies were at times sensationalist and misleading with respect to their potential application. These public debates have obscured the potential different limitations of MRTs. Moreover, these discourses represented families affected by mitochondrial disorders in ways that ignored the specific difficulties they face and the complex choices they have to make in order to have a child.



The article begins with an overview of the medical specificities of mitochondrial disorders and their impact in terms of reproductive choices, followed by a brief description of the study on which the article is based. By examining key documents of the UK debates on MRTs and their media coverage, I then highlight the lack of discussion of the potential future users of the techniques and show how families affected by mitochondrial disorders have mainly been described as a homogenous group in need of MRTs to have healthy, biologically related children. In the final section, I attempt to provide a better understanding of the complex choices with which families and individuals affected by mitochondrial disorders are faced, by drawing on empirical data to consider the medical, legal, individual and financial constraints limiting the future potential use of MTRs. I conclude by highlighting the importance of empirical research and improved information for the public, in order to consider the complex and specific needs of future beneficiaries of new reproductive biotechnologies.



Background


Mitochondrial disorders and reproductive choices


MRTs are new cell reconstruction techniques aimed at preventing the transmission of maternally inherited mitochondrial disorders to biological offspring. These rare disorders are caused by dysfunctions of the mitochondria, the organelles situated in the cell cytoplasm which produce the energy for the cell.2 The more faulty mitochondria that are present in the cell, the more likely it is that defects will be created in the cell's energy production. This can cause severe and often life‐threatening diseases (such as dementia, Melas, Pearson syndrome or myopathy), which particularly affect the organs requiring more energy (e.g. brain, liver, muscles and eyes). There is currently no treatment to cure these disorders and the evolution of various symptoms is very uncertain. They usually amplify with time, however, possibly leading to death. While mitochondrial dysfunctions can result from mutations of the mitochondrial DNA, which is maternally inherited, it is important to keep in mind that many mitochondrial disorders are caused by nuclear DNA. Mitochondria's functioning is indeed governed both by the 37 mitochondrial genes and by hundreds of genes from the nucleus.3



Mitochondrial disorders have an important impact on reproduction, not only because they can affect the pregnancy but also because there is a risk of transmitting the disorders to future offspring. In such cases, reproductive decision‐making is especially complex, as it is difficult to predict if a future child will develop disorders, the stage of life at which they will occur, and the extent of the symptoms. There are currently several possibilities for women at risk of transmitting the disorders, some of which are dependent on a genetic diagnosis, the mutation type and their individual mutation load (see below). These possibilities are: naturally conceiving a child with the risk of transmitting the disorder; adopting a child; using egg donation; using prenatal diagnosis (PND); or using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Whilst some uncertainty remains with PGD or PND for maternally inherited disorders,4 adoption and egg donation constitute safe options to avoid transmission.



Mitochondrial replacement techniques


To prevent the transmission of mitochondrial disorders to future offspring, two new techniques have been developed over the past 10 years in the US and UK. One of these techniques consists of transferring the nucleus of the affected mother's egg into a healthy enucleated donor egg. In other words, the nucleus of the donor egg is replaced by that of the intending mother. The newly reconstructed egg is then fertilised by the chosen sperm. This technique is called ‘maternal spindle transfer’.5 The transfer of the nucleus can also be done after fertilisation on an early embryo in the case of ‘pronuclear transfer technique’ (PNT). This procedure was initially developed in the UK by a research team at Newcastle University.6


The striking novelty in both cases is that the conceived child will inherit DNA from three individuals, not only the nuclear genome (which is thought to determine all unique individual characteristics and traits) from both intending parents, but also, albeit to a much lesser extent, the mitochondrial DNA from the egg donor (37 genes). Moreover, this donated mitochondrial DNA will be transmitted over the generations, through the maternal line.


Research Aims and Methods


The aim of the research on which this article is based is to gain a better understanding of the interactions between scientific progress, policies and people's lives by exploring the issues raised by new MRTs.7 It seeks to understand, in particular, the perceptions and experiences of women whose families are affected by mitochondrial disorders, especially regarding their reproductive options. The study included exploratory interviews with genetic counsellors, clinicians and support group representatives, as well as in‐depth interviews with 28 women affected by mitochondrial disorders8, either because they had the disease (n∼9) or because their children were affected by the disorder (n∼19). These women were recruited between 2014 and 2016 through a major UK support group, two NHS Trusts and snowballing. 14 were interviewed on their own and 14 with their partner or mother.9



The analysis presented in this article is based on data collected in interviews with women affected by mitochondrial disorders pertaining to their specific family context and medical condition,10 as well as from discussions with medical experts.11 It also draws on the analysis of key textual documents (i.e. media releases, public reports, parliamentary documents and informative documentation circulated by various stakeholders during the debate), as well as the observation of numerous public and parliamentary debates surrounding MRTs which took place between 2013 and 2015.



The Potential Beneficiaries and Future Applications of Mrts in Public Debates


While research on MRTs has been ongoing for more than 10 years in the UK, public discussions of the techniques and their related issues only really began after the UK research team announced the first successful application of PNT to a human embryo in 2010.12 This prompted the question of the possible legalisation of the technique for treatment. A licence had been granted in 2005 to the Newcastle research team to experiment with PNT for research, but the technique was still banned for treatment applications in the UK,13 as in most countries, because it involves germline modifications.14



In this context, a number of initiatives were taken by the Government and science‐based organisations in order to assess the safety of MRTs and discuss their ethical issues, including the publication of a report by a specific working group of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (NCB),15 the launch of a public consultation by the Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (HFEA)16 and the commissioning of a scientific review of the safety and efficacy of MRTs by the HFEA. Several public events were also organised on the topic.17 Besides safety issues, the academic and public discussions surrounding MRTs mainly focused at that stage on four ethical issues:18 the relevance of defining and treating MRTs as germline therapies; the social and psychological impacts of having a genetic connection to three persons; the legal status of the mitochondrial donors; and the possibility of initially treating only male embryos to avoid passing on possible unforeseen side effects (due to the fact that mitochondrial DNA is passed on to the embryo and subsequent generations through the maternal line).



While the abovementioned reports often explained the objective and the functioning of MRTs and briefly described what mitochondrial disorders could be, there were, however, very few details of the potential beneficiaries targeted by MRTs.


These were usually referred to as ‘patients’, ‘women carrying maternal disorders’, ‘women with mitochondrial disorders’ or ‘women who would otherwise pass on mutated mitochondria through their eggs’, but these broad descriptions did not provide a sense of the characteristics and the number of women that could possibly benefit from the techniques. Only approximate epidemiological rates, such as ‘one in 200 babies with mitochondrial disorders born per year in the UK’,19 were regularly mentioned, implying that this would be the number of potential ‘lives’ which could be saved by the techniques. The reports also regularly made reference both to ‘the families affected by mitochondrial disorders’ and to ‘the women who could benefit from the techniques’ without clearly differentiating them, which tended to assimilate these two groups that are in practice very distinct (see below). Moreover, it was difficult to know from the debates and the reports what patients’ views and experiences were in terms of reproductive choices.

The individuals whose families were affected by mitochondrial disorders and who replied to the HFEA consultation or the call for evidence from the NCB seemed very favourably disposed towards these techniques.20 However, their numbers were very low21 and it was difficult to ascertain whether they themselves could use the techniques.



The HFEA public consultation was accompanied by a number of press releases discussing the possible legalisation of MRTs and some of its safety and ethical issues, often persistently highlighting the fact that MRTs would create ‘three‐parent babies’.22 The potential users of the techniques and patients with mitochondrial disorders were rarely mentioned. When this was the case, journalists usually referred to the dramatic case of Sharon Bernadi, a mother who had lost several children to mitochondrial disorders and whose story represented the culmination of desperation and suffering associated with mitochondrial disease.23



Following the HFEA's advice to permit the techniques, a consultation on draft regulations to allow such treatments to be carried out was launched by the Department of Health in March 2014. From that point, discussions of the ethical issues mentioned above diminished considerably. The draft regulations echoed the recommendations provided by the HFEA on the different ethical issues,24 which no longer seemed to be discussed the following year. As the parliamentary debates approached, complex ethical discussions were progressively replaced by sharper confrontations of pro and con arguments, calling upon either strong emotional imaginaries or complicated techno‐scientific arguments.


'On the one hand, the opponents of MRTs argued that the techniques were unsafe and unpredictable'.

For instance, Robert Flello MP explained that ‘based on the available data, […] we cannot rule out the possibility that these techniques could cause the people born as a result to have illnesses or disabilities. The Government have a responsibility, as we all do, to avoid such eventualities, and we cannot take that lightly. We might not know the result for many generations. We might not know whether some damage has been caused until three, four or five generations later. We simply cannot know that’.25



THE STATEMENT ABOVE IS ABSOLUTE LIES-----THE HARM WILL BE SEEN IMMEDIATELY AND IT WILL PERMEATE SOCIETY---THIS IS WHAT EUTHANASIA AND HOSPICE DEATH ROOMS BEING USED TODAY ARE ADDRESSING. THIS IS WHY AFFORDABLE CARE ACT INSTALLED THESE POLICIES.


In particular, there were also very long and controversial discussions about the possible impact of ‘mismatching’ nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and the ‘potentially serious and unpredictable consequences’ this could have on future offspring, after biologist Ted Morrow suggested that ‘more experiments needed to be undertaken on species more closely related to humans to understand these possible damaging effects’.26 Another main argument against MRTs was that they represented a eugenic threat by enabling ‘human genetic modifications’ and a slippery slope that could lead to ‘a designer baby market’.27 For instance, Fiona Bruce MP claimed that ‘this [was] a case of genetic engineering’ and warned that ‘once this alteration has taken place and once the genie is out of the bottle, and once these procedures that we are being asked to authorise today go ahead, there will be no going back for society, and certainly not for the individuals concerned’.28 These claims were often reported in the media in a sensationalist way.29

OH, REALLY????? 

THIS SOUNDS LIKE 'THERE'S NO STOPPING THIS---WHEN WE ARE GOING TO STOP THIS.


On the other hand, stakeholders in favour of MRTs increasingly focused their argument on the suffering of families and the claim that the techniques would enable them to have healthy biological children and, in the longer term, eradicate the disorders. For instance, Luciana Berger MP, during the debate at the House of Commons, stressed that ‘we have within our reach the possibility of eradicating mitochondrial disease from families who have been blighted by it for generations: families who have endured a disease for which there is no cure, who have suffered daily battles with painfully debilitating symptoms, and who have sadly lost their children prematurely’.30 These arguments were often accompanied by moving and tragic stories of families affected by the disorders, which were provided and put forward by patient associations and parent advocates. For example, Alex Cunningham MP described at length the heart‐breaking case of baby Jessica, who ‘will not live much longer – perhaps only a year or two. She cannot be fed naturally and relies on a feeding tube. Her body will not develop, which means that she will not grow and her internal organs will deteriorate. […] If we are to avoid this horrific suffering in the future, we need the regulations now to make the necessary progress and help ensure that we do not have more babies like Jessica’.31 These stories were also very prevalent in the media, where a number of people whose families were affected by mitochondrial disorders affirmed their support for the legalisation of the techniques.32 However, these descriptions were highlighting the need to prevent mitochondrial disorders, rather than providing information regarding who exactly could use MRTs and under which conditions.




This mobilisation of human suffering towards political projects constituted a good illustration of what Buchbinder and Timmermans have termed ‘affective economies’.33 These authors have highlighted the specific function of ‘affect’, which operates socially by resonating with and reinforcing broadly felt public sentiments and widely accessible emotions such as fear, anxieties and compassion, particularly where children's lives are at stake. As the authors explain, this type of argument is not only efficient but also very difficult to criticise, as it foregrounds ‘morally valued activities’.34 The claim of the suffering of the patients was also constantly articulated in relation to a ‘rhetoric of hope’35 based on the assumption that MRTs would be the technique that would solve patients’ reproductive problems. For example, during the debate at the House of Commons, Paul Burstow MP declared that MRTs are ‘about light at the end of the tunnel for thousands of families in this country. It is about the prospect of life lived, life realised, and about the potential opportunity to live’.36



During the year preceding the parliamentary vote, more details were given regarding the number of women who could potentially use the techniques. The consultation document produced by the Department of Health in February 2014 indicated that MRTs ‘could apply to up to 10 cases per year initially’.37 This information was exaggerated in the press, with some newspapers reporting that ‘100 babies a year in the UK will have three parents’.38 One year later, the research team at Newcastle working on mitochondrial donation provided an estimation of the number of women aged between 15 and 44 who could potentially benefit from the techniques. This was based on an extrapolation of the prevalence of mtDNA mutations in North East England to the UK population and the fertility rate amongst these women. Their conclusion was that MRTs could enable ‘about 150 births a year if all women opted for the procedure’ (emphasis added).39 The following day, BBC News announced that ‘nearly 2,500 women in the UK would benefit from a fertility technique to make babies from three people’.40 During the parliamentary debate, it was also said that ‘there are potential benefits for the about 2,500 families affected by mitochondrial disease up and down this nation’.41



In retrospect, it is striking to observe how the scope and the characteristics of the women targeted by MRTs, when mentioned at all, have remained vague and confusing, both in media coverage and in public and parliamentary discussions. There was a conflation of all families affected by mitochondrial disorders and the women who could use MRTs. Moreover, little information was provided about the medical condition and family situation of the latter and about whether they themselves would be willing to use the techniques. In this respect, the information given to the public did not provide either sufficient information about the application of the techniques or an in‐depth understanding of patients’ views. It was often implied that any women who were affected by mitochondrial disorders, or whose families were, could benefit and would be willing to seek these benefits. This assumption also reinforced the injunctions not only to have a child, but specifically to have a biologically‐related child, by whatever means required.


It is also worth noticing that bioethics and scientific discourses have dominated the debates and there has been a lack of detailed and empirical data from social sciences on these issues. Yet, as I suggest in the following section, the debate would have benefited from this kind of insight and from improved information on the specificities of MRTs.


The Potential Users of Mrts from an Empirical Perspective


As previously discussed, the question of whether MRTs could provide affected women with healthy children was not sufficiently addressed in the debates. In practice, the picture is much more complicated, as will now be illustrated through insights gained from empirical research on reproductive choices in the context of mitochondrial disorders. The following analysis demonstrates that there are various medical, legal, individual and financial constraints, which can limit the use of MRTs in practice.


1 Who will be suitable for MRTs?

There are significant biological and medical limits to the application of MRTs, which are related to the specific type of mutation carried by the individual. As mentioned earlier, mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations of the mitochondrial DNA, as well as by mutations of the nuclear DNA, which also controls the functioning of the mitochondria. However, MRTs only concern mitochondrial disorders that are maternally inherited. Although this was not mentioned in the public and parliamentary debates, it is important to highlight that most maternally inherited mitochondrial disorders only develop in adulthood (e.g. Melas or MERRF syndromes), whereas mitochondrial disorders which severely affect babies and children are caused in about 80% of cases by nuclear defects42 which are inherited from both parents. This means that these techniques will not be accessible to most families who have already lost a child from mitochondrial disorders and who wish to have another one. Yet these tend to be the people who make up the membership of support groups such as the Lily Foundation, which was highly involved in the debate to support the legalisation of MRTs.



There is nonetheless a minority of children affected by maternally inherited disorders (e.g. specific types of Leigh's syndrome) whose mothers could benefit from these techniques. But they represent a very small number of cases. Their mothers are usually asymptomatic carriers with no family history of mitochondrial disorders.43 In my study, I interviewed three women in this situation. These women had been tested for mitochondrial mutations and all carried a low mutation load, which made them unlikely to be allowed to use MRTs, as MRTs are only accessible, at least for now, to women with a very high mutation load (see below). They have, however, the option, under certain conditions, to use pre‐implantation genetic diagnostic (PGD) to select an embryo with a low mutation load. In this respect, it is important to add that even if MRTs were made available to these women, it would be unlikely that the mutation could be detected and its transmission prevented in advance before they had a first child affected by the disorder. This means that there will still be a number of children developing mitochondrial disorders in the future, even if MRTs are used on a larger scale.



In light of the considerations above, it appears that only a small proportion of the women whose families are affected by mitochondrial disorder will be suitable for MRTs in practice. From a medical perspective, these will be women who are already diagnosed with maternally inherited mitochondrial disorders or who have had a child or a relative diagnosed with such a disorder, but not most of the families who have had a child affected by the disease.44 The official reports, when they mentioned that mitochondrial disorders could be caused by both types of mutations, failed to mention the proportions or characteristics of the respective groups affected. During the parliamentary debates, it was striking to observe that most MPs did not even seem aware of this crucial distinction between nuclear and mitochondrial mutations. For instance, when Luciana Berger MP, who had hosted a public debate on MRTs the day prior to the vote on the regulations, was asked whether ‘mitochondrial disease from the nuclear DNA will remain in our population even after this treatment is licensed’, she replied: ‘it is not something I have been made aware of, and it certainly has not come up in any of the discussions or debates that I have attended’.45 Given the importance of this distinction in terms of access to MRTs, it is especially surprising and worrying that it was not discussed sufficiently in the parliamentary debates.



Media reports and public debates have also contributed to confusion regarding the identity of the future beneficiaries of the techniques. While moving stories and strong declarations of support from women whose families were affected by mitochondrial disorders were regularly put forward, it was rarely specified whether their families were affected by nuclear or mitochondrial mutations and thus whether these techniques were of any practical use to them.



Often, in fact, they were not suitable for MRTs.



2 Who will be entitled to use MRTs?

There are also important legal limitations to the application of these techniques. The 2015 UK law indicates the circumstances under which a patient may be authorised to use MRTs. Specifically, there needs to be (1) ‘a particular risk that any egg extracted from the ovaries of [the intending mother] may have a mitochondrion abnormality caused by mitochondrial DNA’, as well as (2) ‘a significant risk that a person with those abnormalities will have or develop serious mitochondrial disease’46. In other words, the intending mother needs to carry a maternally inherited mutation and her eggs need to contain a significant proportion of abnormal mitochondria. Moreover, there has to be a high probability of the future offspring developing a severe condition.



Such conditions of access are complex and difficult to assess in practice, as the intending mother not only has to be aware that she is a carrier, but also needs to obtain a genetic diagnosis in order to understand the specificities of her mutation and its impact on her reproductive choices. As mentioned earlier, some of these women may be asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms of the disorders. They will thus only discover they can transmit the condition after giving birth to a first affected child. Again, this means that MRTs will not cure or eradicate mitochondrial disorders at the population level but only eliminate the transmission risk for a specific pregnancy.



Additional complications regarding access emerge since the risk of ‘having mitochondrial abnormality caused by mitochondrial DNA’ is also dependent on the ‘mutation load’, that is, the percentage of affected mitochondria in a given tissue. MRTs will initially only be accessible to women with very high mutation loads, as high mutation loads are generally indicative of higher risks of developing symptoms and transmitting the disorder, even though this may vary between individuals.47 Also, for women with high mutation loads, MRTs may be the only reproductive techniques available if they want an unaffected and biologically related child because PGD may be inappropriate.48


It is not always possible, however, to determine the intending mother's mutation load through basic tests. For instance, I met two women who were told they were at risk of transmitting a mitochondrial disorder after their mother or their child had been diagnosed, but their tissue samples (e.g. blood, saliva and urine) did not appear to contain the mutations.


Only egg testing, which is an invasive procedure, could assess whether this was the case. All mutations can indeed be concentrated solely within their eggs and be transmitted to future offspring. For these women, only egg testing or PGD will be able to determine whether or not they present a mitochondrial abnormality. In such cases, it might therefore be easier and cheaper to undergo PGD alone rather than to use MRTs.



The second condition in UK law governing access to MRTs concerns the severity of the disorder, which is even more difficult to assess. The identification of a number of particular genetic conditions for which MRTs would be appropriate is not sufficient, as the symptoms and syndromes caused by mitochondrial disorders can be very diverse, even for the same mutation. They can include brain damage, liver disease, muscle weakness, hearing problems or visual loss. It is also difficult to predict whether future children will be affected – the way siblings are affected can vary significantly – in terms of how their health condition will evolve and whether they will be severely affected.



For instance, one woman I interviewed had started to have difficulties walking and hearing. Her mother had died in her early fifties after her symptoms had progressively worsened. Neither the daughter nor the doctors knew how her own condition would evolve. What can therefore be considered ‘severe’? Does it have to be ‘life‐threatening’? The criteria provided by the HFEA regulations and guidelines are quite vague, as they suggest a case‐by‐case approach based on supporting evidence, whereby the ‘Authority's assessment of the seriousness will be made, where possible, based on the most severe symptoms that could be expected for a particular patient's case’.49



3 How many will engage with MRTs?


During the public and parliamentary debates, the assumption was often made that any women at risk of transmitting the disorders and eligible for the techniques would choose to make use of the technology. However, existing studies show that there are a range of ethical, psychological, social and possibly financial difficulties associated with the use of reproductive technologies, especially in complicated situations marked by much uncertainty and ambivalence.50 Using a reproductive technology is rarely a straightforward decision, and various considerations need to be explored when looking at reproductive choices. In my research, although most female participants were of child‐bearing age, many of them told me that they were not willing or able to use MRTs for various reasons.



A first set of reasons was linked to a physical state or medical condition. Amongst the women who had maternally inherited disorders in my study, a number had already developed significant symptoms that would prevent them from carrying a child (e.g. using a wheelchair) or that made them feel too weak to raise one. Some participants were also afraid that their condition would worsen and did not know if they would still be able to take care of a child later on in life. Interestingly, these crucial elements have never been mentioned in the public debates surrounding MRTs. Not only were the implications of mitochondrial disorders on the future mother's health condition not mentioned, but it was rarely pointed out that the future mother could herself be ill or was likely to become ill.
A second set of reasons related to current ‘social’ or family situation (e.g. age, family, work or relationship). While these reasons may not be directly linked to mitochondrial disorders as such, they are still significant when assessing the number of women who would be interested in using MRTs. Some of the participants indeed reported that they were no longer, or not yet, in the right circumstances under which they wanted to have a child, for example because they had no partner or did not feel psychologically or materially ready. Four of the participants had already had their children, before or after being diagnosed, and were not willing to have more. Having another child was also difficult to consider when taking care of a severely ill child or parent, which was the case for 11 of the 28 female participants in this study.



Beyond these social or relational reasons, there were also other significant concerns that prevented these women from being willing to use MRTs. For instance, an important issue for several interviewees was reluctant attitudes towards new reproductive and genetic techniques. Some thought the techniques were ‘too complicated’. They therefore preferred to conceive a child ‘naturally’, i.e. without any medical assistance, and to take the risk of transmitting the disorders or not to have any (other) children. This depended partly on their subjective assessment of the transmission risk. Others felt that they did not know what the side effects and the outcome of using these techniques would likely be. One interviewee also reflected that she would not want to be the first person to ‘experiment’ using MRTs, even though she was ready to use PGD: ‘The advantage of PGD is that it's tried and tested. PGD is happening every single day for loads of different conditions so I do like to know that there are more certainties than uncertainties with PGD. [Mitochondrial donation] has never been done before on a real baby’. Several women also disapproved of or would not want to use MRTs because of religious or ethical reasons.


These are some of the reasons why, in such circumstances, several participants preferred to use another available reproductive option, such as adoption, egg donation, prenatal testing or PGD.51


However, these options were rarely mentioned during the public and parliamentary debates, reflecting the way the debates have contributed to valuing and strengthening biological kinship: it was implicit that there was a need to have a biological child and that this need should be fulfilled whatever the circumstances.



It is important to note that it is not because these women were not willing to use the techniques personally that they were against the legalisation of MRTs. This echoes findings of research into the attitudes of carriers of inherited breast cancer, which has shown that while the majority of participants considered that PGD should be an available option, they were divided over the possibility of using it personally.52 This also highlights the considerable divergence that can exist between people's public and private views on sensitive topics, i.e. they might have private convictions that diverge from the policy they want or have to defend in the public sphere.53



4 Who will be able to afford MRTs?

The issues of the cost and the financing of MRTs were rarely discussed during the debates. In an annex of the consultative document on draft regulations published by the Department of Health, there was a mention of an estimation of the cost that indicated: ‘each cycle of mitochondrial donation treatment will use resources equivalent to two “rounds” of standard IVF (due to the need for a donor mother and the birth mother to have their eggs extracted), + one round of Pre‐implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) to test for the presence of mitochondrial disease in the extracted embryos. […] Using current costs, we estimate each cycle of mitochondrial donation should cost in the region of £20,000’.54 However, a successful conception is expected to require four cycles, as the success rate is estimated to be 25% per cycle. In this case, this means that the estimated cost of successful mitochondrial donation treatment, i.e. that resulting in a birth, if future intending mothers do not present any fertility problems, would therefore be approximately £80,000. This will of course vary according to the provider and to the efficiency55 of the treatment.



In such circumstances, one might wonder how many people will be able to afford MRTs if they are not funded by the NHS.


To put this into perspective, it is worth mentioning that amongst my research participants, three couples who had previously lost a child affected by mitochondrial disorders had to give up on PGD because they thought it was too expensive (£7,000–13,000 per cycle). PGD is funded by the NHS only under specific circumstances. Funding is not available if, for instance, the couple or one of the intending parents already had a previous healthy child, which was the case for these three couples. While the possibility for MRTs to be publically funded is currently under discussion with the NHS,56 one can wonder whether the conditions for PGD will apply to MRTs, and if this is the case, whether it would be a good time to adjust these rules in order to facilitate reproductive choices for intending parents. More generally, it is regrettable that the financial aspects of MRTs, the funding of which is considerable, have not been addressed in more depth during the public debates. In a context of limited health care resources, it could have been worth assessing and discussing the cost/effectiveness of MRTs with respect to other treatments already available or under development.


Conclusion


The considerations outlined above shed a different light on the discourses and the assumptions that have dominated the public domain in the UK in relation to MRTs. Drawing on insights gained from empirical data collected with women affected by the condition and on the analysis of various public documents, the article puts into perspective the scope of MRTs and the potential number of targeted women. The discussion in this article does not suggest, however, that these techniques are not of value, and that their legalisation and their use should be resisted, or that they will not contribute to helping several families to have healthy children. But analysis demonstrates that there is an important gap between the ways these techniques have been presented in the media and in the public domain, i.e. often as a kind of ‘miracle solution’ that will eradicate the disorders, and the social and medical constraints surrounding their use. In particular, the distinction between mitochondrial disorders produced by mutations in mitochondrial DNA and those produced by nuclear defects, along with their relative implications, has disappeared in the debates.


In addition, this article shows that contrary to their representations in the media and in public discourse, families affected by mitochondrial disorders are very diverse and each faces specific issues in terms of quality of life and reproductive choices. It is important to consider and understand all family situations, in particular those who still do not have access to reproductive technologies, and to provide policymakers and stakeholders with detailed information on their needs in order to support these families adequately. This is especially important in the longer term, if we do not want these debates to disseminate a narrow and misleading vision of the situation faced by individuals affected by mitochondrial disorders and to give the impression that reproductive issues for these families are now resolved.



Besides ethical and safety issues, the public and policymakers must therefore have access not only to accurate and relevant information on the techniques and the medical conditions discussed, but also to empirical analysis of existing situations in order to situate them within their broader context. Adopting a sociologically based approach is indeed also ‘necessary and integral to the bioethical process as a whole’.57 It is essential for understanding the complex mix of hopes, ambivalences and uncertainties that new biotechnologies can generate and their broader implications for societies.

________________________________________


THIS IS THE GOAL OF MOVING FORWARD BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTS AND THESE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY MUTILATIONS-------

As global banking 1% de BOERS and ELON MUSK plan the PLANETARY MINING SLAVE COLONY for MARS---they are global military-----TELEMEDICINE-----and all these EXPERIMENTAL MEDICAL RESEARCH are being mainstreamed into EVERY POPULATION GROUP as BLIND AMBITION tries to HASTEN what is known to be BIOLOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE.

Let's just say ELON MUSK was able to get his BARBER SURGEONS to mutilate the human body enough to reach a HIBERNATION PLATFORM.  What does that mean?  It means taking EVERY SINGLE autonomous activity in the human body OFF---LINE.  Then they want to replace that natural autonomous system with ARTIFICIAL/MANMADE products as is MOVING FORWARD today---

HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS as BARBER SURGEONS are working for the global .00014% of people to meet these goals.

When our HUMAN BODY is in HIBERNATION----there will be no ATP mechanisms occurring---there will be no BODY CORE temperature control---no AUTONOMOUS breathing or heart beat-----no AUTONOMOUS nerve sensations like SMELLING, TASTING, HEARING, SEEING.  All these functions will HIBERNATE.

The goals of BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTATION and placing a billion BOTS inside a human bodies----using man-made MITOCHONDRIAL ATP processes--using lasers hitting RETINAL IMPLANTS to stream VIRTUAL REALITY VIDEO ----using lasers hitting a COCHLEAR IMPLANT to assign sound to that video-----using SKIN-SURFACE SOLAR ARRAY IMPLANTS attached to NERVE OR MUSCLE to simulate MOVEMENT so these organ systems are not TOO degraded to REACTIVATE.

THIS IS WHY CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY MENDELES IS BEING LET LOOSE UPON 99% WE THE PEOPLE.

HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS as BARBER SURGEONS say----I and all those being HIT are giving their lives----shortening their lives HEROICALLY for the extreme wealth and power goals of THE DEBOER family and the other .00014% of global people.


'Hibernating' Astronauts May Be Key to Mars Colonization

By Mike Wall August 30, 2016 Tech 


Artist's illustration of a "Mars Transfer Habitat" that could carry 100 colonists — 96 of them in a hibernation-like torpor state — to Mars.



(Image: © SpaceWorks Enterprises)

Colonizing Mars may require humanity to tap into its inner bear.


Researchers are working on ways to induce a hibernation-like torpor state in astronauts — a breakthrough they say would slash costs and make the long journey to the Red Planet safer and far less taxing for crewmembers.


Such benefits could help lay the foundation for the first footsteps on Mars, and they're essential to the establishment of a long-term human outpost there, project team members said. [Red Planet or Bust: 5 Crewed Mars Mission Ideas]



"We're not going to colonize Mars, or really settle it, sending four or six or eight people at a time every two years; we're going to have to send larger numbers," principal investigator John Bradford, president and chief operating officer of SpaceWorks Enterprises in Atlanta, said last week at the 2016 NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) symposium in Raleigh, North Carolina. "I don't know any other way that you're going to send hundreds of people to Mars."



A long sleep


With current rocket technology, a one-way trip to Mars takes six to nine months. That's a long time to keep astronauts alive, healthy and happy, Bradford said.


He and his team think there's a way to ease this journey — lowering astronauts' body temperatures by about 9 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius). This would induce a "hypothermic stasis" that cuts crewmembers' metabolic rates by 50 to 70 percent, Bradford said.


"That reduces the need for consumables in both nutrition and hydration, [and] oxygen demand," he said during the NIAC talk. "That translates to mass, and mass is a critical item trying to support these Mars missions."


Allowing astronauts to more or less sleep through the long trek would also minimize the psychological and social challenges of a crewed Mars mission, Bradford said.


"You kind of get mad at somebody; there's really no place to go," he said. "These are real issues associated with extended-duration spaceflight. If we can cut out the transit phases, we think they'll be much happier when they get to Mars, [and] much more productive." [Buzz Aldrin: How To Get Your Ass To Mars (Video)]


How to do it

Bradford and his team have received two rounds of funding through NIAC, a NASA program that seeks to encourage the development of potentially revolutionary space exploration technologies.


The researchers don't think any huge leaps should be required to make their vision a reality. They're not shooting for a sci-fi-like "suspended animation" state; rather, they seek to leverage the "therapeutic hypothermia" that's already common practice in hospitals around the world, often as a way to help people recover from traumatic injuries, Bradford said.
"We're trying to pull on this technology that's already in use," he said.



Therapeutic-hypothermia patients generally endure the treatment for just a few days, but there's no reason to think it couldn't be applied to astronauts for much longer durations, Bradford added. (He said he'd like to be able to put Mars crewmembers in stasis for the entire journey but that cycling periods of two weeks or so would have significant benefits as well.)



Stasis could be induced in astronauts via evaporative cooling systems already in use for therapeutic hypothermia — for example, two small tubes inserted into the nose that pump in inert gas, cooling the brain. (Sedatives would also be administered to dampen the body's instinctual shivering response.)
Crewmembers would be fed intravenously and catheterized; they would also be "lightly restrained" within the habitat to prevent them from floating around, Bradford said.


Extended exposure to microgravity conditions has a variety of negative health effects, from muscle atrophy and bone weakening to vision problems. But torpid astronauts wouldn't have to worry about such issues, because their habitat would be rotated, generating artificial gravity on board, Bradford said.


There are some inherent challenges in the torpor approach, of course. For example, while the process of going into hypothermic stasis is relatively rapid, waking up from such a state appears to be quite slow; research suggests that body temperature can be safely raised by only about 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (0.5 degrees Celsius) every hour, Bradford said.



And it's unclear just how long the recovery process would take, or what the long-term mental effects of prolonged hypothermic stasis would be, he added. In addition, significantly cooling the body suppresses immune function, so torpid astronauts would likely be more susceptible to infections.


But Bradford and his team are attempting to address such issues via their NIAC-funded work, and they haven't found any deal breakers yet.
"It's all manageable," Bradford said. "We think this is a very promising approach."

The key to Mars colonization?

Bradford and his colleagues think such torpor tech could not only help get astronauts to Mars (which NASA aims to do by the end of the 2030s), but also allow humanity to establish a permanent colony on the Red Planet.


Settling Mars would probably require sending about 100 people there at once, the researchers wrote last year in a study outlining their approach.
"The first settlements at Plymouth Rock and Jamestown, for example, started with 102 and 104 settlers, respectively," they wrote.


Launching that many Mars pioneers in the standard fashion would require 17 six-person habitats, with a total weight of about 700 tons. But that could be reduced to 200 tons by putting the settlers into hypothermic stasis, the researchers argued.


Their plan calls for building a "Mars Transfer Habitat" employing three habitat modules, two of which would hold 48 dormant colonists apiece. The third (much smaller) module would house four fully alert settlers, who would act as "caretakers" and keep everything running smoothly.


"The reduced metabolic rates that are achieved through torpor relax the mission requirements on consumable food and water, and positively impact the design of the habitat environmental control and life support systems," they wrote in the study, which was presented at the 66th International Astronautical Congress in Jerusalem last year.


"Overall, the application of long-duration torpor for humans to space exploration missions appears to be both medically and technically feasible, and shows great promise as a means to enable settlement of the solar system," the researchers added.

'Mutilation of Corpse

Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc.definitions.uslegal.com/m/mutilation-of-corpse


Mutilation of Corpse Law and Legal Definition. Mutilation of corpse is a wrong of willfully, recklessly, wantonly, unlawfully, or negligently dismembering or disfiguring by cutting, scratching, or mishandling the body of a dead person. It is an offense of dissecting or dismembering, without authority, the dead body of a person'.





Body Mutilation



Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory



Hotspur's suggestion that his father's absence is a "perilous gash" (see above) to the rebel forces isn't the only reference to maiming. The play is full of allusions to body mutilation, both literal and figurative. Let's discuss. In the play's opening speech, King Henry describes the English soil as a mother whose body has been "bruise[d]," gouged, and "trench[ed]" by civil warfare, even as the cannibal earth feeds on the bloodied bodies of her "children" (buried English soldiers). Such violent and vivid imagery gets at the unnaturalness of civil warfare, which is imagined by Shakespeare as some seriously violent family drama.

A few lines later, we hear that 1,000 English soldiers have been "butchered" by Welsh fighters and the corpses subject to "beastly shameless transformation" at the hands of the Welshwomen (1.1.44). Here, Shakespeare refers to historical accounts (including a major source for the play, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles) of how the Welshwomen mutilated the genitals of English corpses. Gross. Literary critics tend to agree that this reference in the play registers larger fears of emasculation at the hands of rebellious forces. In other words, if England is imagined as a collective body, then warfare and rebellion threaten to weaken and enfeeble the entire kingdom.

The play's preoccupation with castration is repeated again, perhaps more comically, when Lady Percy, on two separate occasions, threatens to break her husband's "little finger" or, his "head." Hotspur is certainly worried that physical contact with his wife will make him effeminate or soft, and we talk about this more in "Gender" and "Family."

Lady Percy never castrates her husband but, in one of the last scenes of the play, Falstaff mutilates Hotspur's corpse by stabbing the body in the thigh. We can't help but notice the way Falstaff's actions recall the story of the Welshwomen's mutilation of English corpses in Act 1. Literary critics Jean E. Howard and Phyllis Rackin suggest that, in this way, Falstaff's antics are associated with what the play imagines as a very female and emasculating threat. Makes sense to us. Given that Prince Hal, the heir to the English throne, has been lured away from his princely duties by Falstaff's topsy-turvy Eastcheap world, it's not so surprising that Falstaff would be associated with other rebellious figures that overtly threaten the kingdom's collective "body."

___________________________________________


US court precedence and laws have primarily focused on mutilations of DEAD BODIES----mutilations of body limbs/trunk of living. We have very little LEGAL/US COURT precedence on BIO---MEDICAL MUTILATION. We do have plenty of legal precedence on BIOLOGICAL WARFARE-----poisons sprayed---ingested------but these few decades of BIOLOGIC IMPLANT and GMO HUMAN have not addressed these legal precedence regarding MICRO-----biologic manipulations.

'But it was unethical, as they were not offered treatment and were not told they had the infection'

'Today, regulations governing the use of human tissue and genomic data are far stricter'


INSERTING arterial stents -----have a good record if not done fraudulently=====it is a device placed inside our bodies which does not augment or change NATURAL CIRCULATION. A retinal implant left inside body for a few decades --electricity/radiation killing soft tissue----possibly vital sense nerves-----IS A MUTILATION.

'voluntary changes are considered to be modifications, and involuntary changes are considered mutilations'.


Global banking 1% are using those dastardly freemason STARS to sell FADS breaking down our cultural norms towards INSERTION OF DEVICES AS MUTILATION. Here we see a STAR mainstreaming what TRANSHUMANISTS see as BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTING likely designed to attract 5G microwaves.

LEGAL DEFINITIONS OF VOLUNTARY VS INVOLUNTARY ----

'Body modifications and mutilations
| Britannica
www.britannica.com/science/body-modifications...


Body modifications and mutilations, intentional permanent or semipermanent alterations of the living human body for reasons such as ritual, folk medicine, aesthetics, or corporal punishment. In general, voluntary changes are considered to be modifications, and involuntary changes are considered mutilations'.

Please do not follow these FADS-----they are setting precedence for INSTALLING IMPLANTS which we already KNOW harm---ARE DEADLY.

TOUGH DECISIONS is a bunch of LYING, CHEATING, AND STEALING-----LACKS' cancer cells have yet to produce a SURE CANCER TREATMENT-----



______________________________________________




US medical research on MITOCHONDRIAL AND DNA METHYLATION started experimentally in 2000s.  Below we see BIOETHICS surrounding the use of these products just started in 2016---2017.  Congressional riders to stop these research in 2015-----followed by a directive on how to circumvent those RIDERS.



'It is only recently that bioethicists have started to address the questions raised by the case around consent, privacy, racism in research, and the ownership of biomedical data'.



'However, a rider that Congress has attached to every annual FDA appropriation since 2015 may preclude FDA review of applications to perform MRT in the United States. The rider, currently found in section 734 of the US Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, stipulates that

“None of the funds made available [to the FDA] by this Act may be used to notify a sponsor or otherwise acknowledge receipt of a submission for an exemption for investigational use of a drug or biological product . .


  in research in which a human embryo is intentionally created or modified to include a heritable genetic modification16.”


Because of this rider’s broad language, the FDA has interpreted the rider to mean that the agency is prohibited from reviewing IND applications that involve MRT. The US Congress could easily remedy the current de facto ban on clinical trials of MRT in the United States. Congress could achieve this goal by amending the rider to stipulate that the general prohibition against producing “a heritable genetic modification” does not apply to MRT'.

Below we see one example------this is DNA MANIPULATION of NONSENSE CODONS where removing and altering DNA strands has been happening since 2000.  No ethics or morals discussions-----GMO HUMANS.

What is MEDICAL BODY MUTILATIONS? 

We spoke these last few weeks about BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTS and the effects of PSYCHO-SEXUAL TORTURE as experimental telemedicine for one.  Using those implants KNOWING harm was being done.


CIS and TRANS configurations of methyl groups on DNA are VITAL for DNA function -----vital chemical processes and cellular energy. Too little of one-----can be DEADLY.



Undermethylation vs. Overmethylation: Symptoms & Treatments


It is understood that many variables can play roles in causing medical conditions.  However, one cause (standalone or synergistic) of medical conditions that is rarely discussed is abnormal methylation: undermethylation or overmethylation. 

A person’s genetics largely determine whether their methylation will be normative, suboptimal (undermethylation), or excessive (overmethylation).





Table of Contents
What is methylation?



Methylation is a specific biochemical process that plays a role in regulating a multitude of biological functions, including:

• Brain activity: Methylation determines concentrations of specific neurotransmitters in the brain. These neurotransmitters can affect a person’s cognitive function and/or mood.
• Cellular detoxification: Methylation can expedite or prolong the detoxification of certain substances from the body.
• DNA repair: Methylation influences DNA repair such that, if methylation is abnormal, DNA damage may occur.
• Energy production: Normative methylation helps the body create energy for physical and mental performance.
• Immune system activity: Methylation can modulate activity within the body’s immune system – increasing or decreasing one’s immunity to pathogens.

Undermethylation vs. Overmethylation:

Comparison


Based on genetic and/or epigenetic expression, certain individuals will exhibit undermethylation (and be classified as an “undermethylator”) or overmethylation (and be classified as an “overmethylator”).  Although correlations between atypical methylation patterns and medical conditions and/or poor health don’t necessarily prove causation, many believe that abnormal methylation patterns directly cause disease.  Still, it is usually those who are on the extreme ends of the spectrum (e.g. exhibiting significant under/over methylation) compared to the general population that report unwanted symptoms.



Know that there isn’t anything inherently bad about being an “overmethylator” or “undermethylator” – many people classified as over/under-methylators are in good health with no serious medical conditions.


  Anyways, excessive methyl (as is observed in overmethylation) is thought to induce biological symptoms that differ compared to inadequate methyl (as observed in undermethylation).  Below you can review the different types of methylation and their hypothesized symptoms.




Undermethylation (Histadelia): Undermethylation, or inadequate methyl, is generally associated with suboptimal concentrations of SAM-e, a methyl donor.  Symptoms or traits associated with extreme undermethylation might include: agitation, aggression, obsessiveness, and/or perfectionistic behavior.  It is estimated that 1 in 5 people with undermethylation have unwanted symptoms attributable to their methylation status.



Overmethylation (Histapenia): Overmethylation, or excessive methyl, is generally associated with oversaturation of methyl-related byproducts, including monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine).  Abnormally high concentrations of monoamines can impair cognition, motivation, libido, and cause weight gain.  Think of this as being similar to eating: when you get enough food – you feel satisfied, but when you eat too much – you feel overly full, drowsy, etc.





Undermethylation (Biochemistry of Low Methylation)


It is believed that chronic undermethylation might cause nutrient deficiencies and/or neurotransmitter abnormalities within the body.  Below is a list of potential biochemical markers that researchers suspect to be associated with undermethylation.  Realize that if you’re an undermethylator, you may not automatically fit the “biochemical mold” and exhibit all of the biochemical markers listed below.

• Biotoxins & heavy metals accumulation: Efficient methylation allows the body to detoxify itself of biotoxins and heavy metals. As a result, some undermethylators may exhibit increased storage and/or accumulations of toxic elements.
• High basophil count: In an undermethylator, concentrations of basophils on blood tests may exceed 50 cells/cubic millimeters. High concentrations of basophils are linked to allergies and infectious disease.
• High histamine: Histamine concentrations may exceed 70 ng/mL if methylation remains compromised for an extended duration.
• High homocysteine: Inadequate methylation generally leads to increases in homocysteine concentrations.
• Low copper: Low levels of copper are may be more common among undermethylators, which in turn, may cause anemia.
• Low zinc: Undermethylation is thought to result in low levels of zinc, which in turn, can trigger a host of unwanted symptoms (e.g. diarrhea, hair loss, immune dysfunction).

Undermethylation Symptoms



As of current, symptoms associated with undermethylation are somewhat unclear.  An individual’s genetic and epigenetic expression will probably determine the specific symptoms that manifest.

  Realize that just because you exhibit undermethylation does not mean that you’ll experience symptoms on this list.  This list is merely thought to be a compilation of symptoms that are more common among extreme undermethylators.

• Addictive personality: Persons who undermethylate may be more prone to addictions such as: drugs, gambling, and/or sex. Extreme undermethylators are thought to exhibit low concentrations of “feel good” chemicals in their brains like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.  Lack of the aforementioned chemicals can lead to addictions (which temporarily spike these chemicals).
• Anxious thoughts: It is suspected that undermethylation probably increases one’s anxiety levels. Increased anxiety may be associated with phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, and/or general discomfort.
• Concentration problems: Many people who are undermethylators will report problems with concentration or focus. The focus problems are probably related to insufficient levels or atypical activity of certain neurotransmitters.
• Food allergies: Food allergies and sensitivities are more likely to occur in undermethylators as a result of high histamine concentrations.
• Highly competitive: It is said that some undermethylators are highly competitive. The competitive drive exhibited by a subset of undermethylators may be due to underlying neurotransmitter and/or hormonal abnormalities such as low serotonin.
• Hypersexuality: Individuals with undermethylation might exhibit an abnormally high sex drive. This sex drive may be mediated by low levels of neurotransmitters.  During sex, monoamine levels temporarily increase and the person becomes addicted to the rush.
• Muscle tension: When monoamine levels are suboptimal due to lack of methylation, this may lead to increased muscle tension. High muscle tension may make it difficult to sleep and/or cause tension-type headaches.
• Obsessive compulsive: Because undermethylation is associated with lower-than-usual concentrations of serotonin, it is thought that undermethylators are more likely to exhibit obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Some individuals may even get diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
• Perfectionist tendencies: Perfectionism is hypothesized to be associated with undermethylation. Someone who is a constant perfectionist – in all facets of life – may be an undermethylator.
• Prone to headaches: Considering the biochemical underpinnings of undermethylation, some believe that undermethylators may be prone to tension-type or stress-related headaches.
• Reduced pain tolerance: It is thought that, due to low concentrations of certain neurotransmitters, tolerance for pain is markedly lower among undermethylators.
• Severe allergies: Due to concentrations of various biomarkers among undermethylators (especially low zinc and high basophil count), it is thought that these individuals may be more susceptible to extreme allergies – or more extreme than the general population.
• Social isolation: Because persons with undermethylation are prone to anxious thinking, in some cases, this may result in social anxiety. This social anxiety, in conjunction with perfectionism, can lead to social isolation.
• Substance abuse: It is understood that undermethylation can sometimes cause deficits or dysfunction in monoamine production and transmission. Monoamine deficits may increase likelihood that someone will seek out and/or abuse substances in attempt to normalize these levels.

Undermethylation Treatment: How is it managed?



Not everyone needs to treat their undermethylation.  Many undermethylators are functioning fine and are in good health.  The relationship between methylation status and a person’s health is complex.  That said, if you’re an extreme undermethylator and your doctor suspects that some of your health problems are attributable to undermethylation – there are various supplements that you could consider for treatment.



Understand that treatment probably won’t fix all of your medical woes within a matter of days.  For most people, recovery from extreme undermethylation will occur over the span of months.  That said, once a person recovers, he/she can usually stay recovered with continued supplementation and/or lifestyle changes.



Best Supplements for Undermethylation


Undermethylation is associated with low concentrations of calcium, choline, magnesium, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin D.  Low levels of the aforementioned substances can be corrected with regular supplementation.  Adjusting intakes of various nutrients is usually necessary to get extreme cases of undermethylation under control.



Disclaimer: Do not take these supplements without prior consent from a medical doctor.  Affiliate disclosure: The substances listed below contain affiliate links – meaning the website earns a commission if you buy through us.  We try to recommend the highest-quality and easiest-to-order products.

• Calcium
• Choline
• Magnesium
• Omega-3 fatty acids
• SAM-e
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin D
• Zinc

Overmethylation (Biochemistry of High Methylation)


It is believed that chronic overmethylation may lead to excessive concentrations of nutrients and/or neurotransmitters within the body.  Included below is a list of potential biochemical markers that researchers believe to be associated with overmethylation.  Keep in mind that, if you’re an overmethylator, you may not fit the typical “mold” and exhibit all biochemical markers listed below.

• High copper: Accumulation of copper in the bloodstream and body can be toxic and cause symptoms such as liver damage, kidney damage, hypotension, pigmentation changes, and even coma. Overmethylation is sometimes associated with abnormally high copper levels.
• High monoamines: In cases of overmethylation, individuals are thought to produce excessive amounts of monoamines. While adequate monoamine production is favorable, excessive levels of monoamines may lead to mental illness and/or cognitive dysfunction.
• Low basophil count: Overmethylation may result in low basophil counts, which may impair immune function. Low basophil levels are linked to allergic reactions and thyroid dysfunction.
• Low histamine: It is suspected that overmethylators are more likely to exhibit lower-than-average production of, and concentrations of, histamine.
• Low zinc: Overmethylation can lead to decreases in levels of zinc throughout the body, in part due to excess copper. When copper levels are high, the excess copper can deplete zinc.  Symptoms of low zinc include: hair loss, immune dysfunction, and skin abnormalities.

Note: Quantities of each supplement that you take should be recommended by a professional based on your blood work



Overmethylation Symptoms


As of current, symptoms associated with overmethylation aren’t fully documented.  An individuals’ genetic and epigenetic expression will likely influence the specific symptoms that they experience.  Keep in mind that, just because you may be an overmethylator, it does not mean that you’ll experience every single symptom on the list below.  This list is merely a compilation of symptoms that are more common among extreme overmethylators.

• Anxiety disorders: A portion of people who are overmethylators will have anxiety as a result of excessive monoamine levels within the brain like norepinephrine and dopamine. In some cases, even high serotonin may provoke anxious thoughts.
• Brain fog: An inability to think clearly can occur among persons with overmethylation, resulting in “brain fog.” This mental fogginess may be similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and could result in an ADHD diagnosis.
• Circadian rhythm dysfunction: Overmethylators may be at risk of circadian rhythm dysfunction as a result of high monoamine levels. This circadian rhythm dysfunction may lead to excessive daytime sleepiness and/or nighttime insomnia.
• Depressed mood: Among extreme overmethylators, mood disorders are thought to be common. This might be due to a combination of nutritional deficits, as well as excessive monoamine saturation within the brain.  Although adequate serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine is favorable – too much of these might cause depression.
• Dry skin: Overmethylation could lead to changes within the skin such as dryness, flakiness, and/or altered pigmentation. Skin changes may be a byproduct of overmethylation-mediated changes in hormones, immune function, and zinc.
• Fatigue: Persons with overmethylation may be prone to bouts of fatigue and/or chronic fatigue syndrome. The fatigue is likely due to excessive quantities of specific neurotransmitters.
• Immune dysfunction: Overmethylation could impair the immune response in numerous ways, one of which is by lowering zinc. Immune dysfunction may put overmethylators at increased risk for certain infections.
• Low sex drive: It is thought that excessive concentrations of monoamines may inhibit or blunt a person’s sex drive. This could mean impotence or erectile dysfunction for men or difficulty achieving orgasm for either sex.
• Poor motivation: Because overmethylation can induce depression, this depression may detrimentally affect motivation and productivity.
  
• Sleep problems: Excessive methylation may interfere with a person’s sleep and circadian rhythm. Specific sleep problems that might occur include: daytime sleepiness, nighttime insomnia, premature waking (maintenance insomnia) or oversleeping.
• Weight gain: A subset of overmethylators may be overweight or obese, in part, because overmethylation may cause depression, fatigue, and hormonal fluctuations.
  

__'Critics of transhumanism which include religious leaders, academics and conservatives believe that this shouldn't be allowed to happen ever'



WHO IS CULPABLE FOR ILLEGALLY IMPLANTED DEVICES THAT GET HACKED.


HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS as BARBER SURGEONS work for INSTITUTIONS who have leaders pushing these medical technology KNOWING they are HARMFUL---DEADLY---and that they can be HACKED. I am a luddite with technology and I CAN FIGURE THIS OUT.



We spent a YEAR describing why this assault on MY BODY AND BRAIN was CRIMINAL AND HARMFUL giving NO BENEFIT----TO ME. Global banking 1% say this technology gives BENEFIT-----but they are looking at benefit for .0014 of global 1%----NOT SOCIETAL BENEFIT.



TRANSHUMANISTS want people to believe that only conservatives---religious nuts-----are against this. HUMAN EVOLUTION HAS GIVEN THE HUMAN BRAIN THE CAPACITY OF MORALS AND ETHICS AND SOCIAL SOCIETY------


TRANSHUMANISM KILLS ALL OF THIS.


In a lawsuit there are multiple levels of criminal culpability ----NOSY NEIGHBORS are base criminals-----knowing what they are doing is CRIMINAL ILLEGAL----there are no laws allowing such an attack on people's privacy and body.


HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS as BARBER SURGEONS----KNOW these devices are the root of CANCERS---of ORGAN FAILURES-----of LYMPHATIC/NERVE DISEASE VECTORS-----so, there is no IMMUNITY OR LICENCE TO KILL given to our US doctors.


INSTITUTIONAL BOARDS KNOW this medical technology will NEVER WORK TO HELP the health of people----it is only about control of BODY AND MIND.

This is only ONE aspect of any lawsuit against these BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS. HACKING BY WHOM?



 The answer is for these institutions having IMPLANTED ----to TURN THE IMPLANT OFF----make them inoperable so NO HACKING occurs.

Hacking Human 101: Pros And Cons of Transhumanism

06 December 2018 15:10, UTC
By Amardeep Singh


In my previous article, I explored the ramifications and applications of AI implementation in the medical and healthcare industries . We discussed the global impact there might be upon the way healthcare is administered and the ever-evolving role of doctors and other medical personnel. This leads us to consider a slightly more controversial topic that major healthcare systems around the world have not yet grappled with, principally the transhumanism movement. The importance of the concept, the ways it will change humanity, along with the ethical, moral and legal hurdles it is very much an academic debate at the moment – but it’s something I think should involve everyone around the world regardless of their stance. This is because Transhumanism has been viewed by many as the synthetic form of evolution to help humanity and indeed the planet survive many of the existential risks, we face in the coming decades such as climate change, extinction of important species, an increasingly dependent elderly population and scarcity of resources.


What is the current stance on transhumanism


Generally speaking, transhumanism is about the way in which the human race can become better by integrating with technologies. However, this remains a highly dynamic and puzzling area which is largely undefined. On that note let's start with a definition – with many arguing that it should be viewed as a movement that “advocates for the transformation of the human condition” by means of enhancement via the adoption of sophisticated but safe technologies which in effect improve our lives. Some transhumanists argue that this will greatly increase the bandwith human intellect and resislience to cope with the pressures our planet is under, whilst other simply want to improve the human condition by enabling a better, longer quality of life with regards to the health of our person and in a wider context society at large.



For now, (biohackers who are implementing their own solution as we speak may disagree with me) it is largely an academic or philosophical debate. Critics of transhumanism which include religious leaders, academics and conservatives believe that this shouldn't be allowed to happen ever. I would like to consider myself as part of the democratic transhumanism movement, those who think science should rule above all other considerations if it improves the lives of people around the world and doesn’t create further inequality. There is a far more radical wing , often referred to Biohackers and Bio-anarchists — a group within the transhumanists spectrum who believe we should be implementing the hybridisation of human and machine technologies today. This group often experiment outside the jurisdiction of legal or ethical controls which often gets many people worried. So what are the hurdles and considerations that humanity faces in this intriguing field?



The biggest problem today is informed consent — the process by which to allow somebody to upgrade their own body in a well understood manner. It’s similar to the way adults are allowed to have tattoos, piercings, etc. When you're talking about a data receiving device inside ahuman being, the barrier now is that nobody has figured out who  actually owns the data and how will it be used – the recipient, the device manufacturer or the software developer? In my opinion, we are a long, long away from actually implants and similar mechanisms of transhumanism becoming regulated. But what we cannot afford is another “wild west” that we saw with the crypto bubble in 2018 – because after all we are dealing with human lives here not cash being invested in failing ICOs.



Just attempting to answer the simple questions is very hard indeed. Who owns the intellectual property? Who owns the data and what will be done with that data? It is just the similar problem to GAFA cases right now — nobody is saying to Facebook and to Google that "you hold people's data, that data belongs to the people, it shouldn't belong to a corporation." Given the number of scandals we have seen when our personal information is stored on external machines – it is little wonder that medical regulators feel reluctant to stick their necks out in this field. Meanwhile, the activists, biohackers and pioneers are circumventing “the big state” or “corporate control” by devising their own solutions. Many say that if they can find a way where¶
the actual value of that data belongs to a human being who has an implant, that would be a huge step forward for transhumanism movement. So they continue to devise all manner of implants or bionic devices themselves – outside of the well-controlled and regulated environments academic research and scientific laboratories bring.



A rational approach for a better future for all?


In 1950’s, J.B.S. HALDANE and Julian HUXLEY, two famous academics in this field, came up with the argument that one must allow the natural progression of adoption of such technologies. But since, this statement did not become a guideline at all – people seem to have drifted away from the organised development of what they meant and taken their interpretations forwards. On the thematic transhumanist websites, there are examples where the enthusiasts feel that they may be a bridge between what is legally possible and what is illegal, taking development into their own hands - that movement is called the biohacking. Right now the internet has seen a proliferation of “biopunk” level forums— being performed by people who are not medical practitioners in unregulated environment and becoming pioneers “in their bedroom” by themselves. There is nothing on a public sector level in major economies where such behaviour is deemed legal. The area is grey and based on sheer enthusiasm alone – I think now is the time to bring these pioneers closer to the academic and healthcare practitioners who can propel development forwards.



If you like me have been in heated debates from both sides of the fence you will hear bio conservatives say that interruption with the body shouldn't happen – that we are akin to Frankenstein’s monster, transhumanists say: "Ok, look – we can’t trust big corporates. This is the future, if we can make people healthier we will do it ourselves by any means." And there is a rational point here where everyone involved could turn this conflict into what I call a “greenhouse for techno-human evolution” in a safe and regulated manner. Let’s take the diabetes treatment as an example.




Diabetes is a big problem in the West, especially those who migrate and over a course of time switch from diets which are not of high-calorie — like from Africa  or South Asian diets, etc. In the UK we have seen the incidence of diabetes rise extraordinary. Patients must constantly monitor their blood sugar levels and at the moment 99.9 % of all treatment is either based around very difficult dietary control or having to prick their finger and analyse it with pocket blood glucose meter, so to take action and have insulin injected. Fitbits and similar devices have the sensor which are touching the top of the skin, and it can only have information, such as heart rate, sweat level, etc.



It doesn't give enough detailed Information for the user or a healthcare practitioner to know the whole story. But there can be an under-the skin implants in the future, analysing the constant stream of blood flowing underneath it, and it can constantly monitor 24-7 — looking for chemical compositions, blood compositions, anomalies etc. That obtained data can be presented in an automated way given live to person's home, relatives, local hospital.



So, if somebody is having hypoglycaemia attack, the alarm goes off and many people are informed to act. Take this a step further and think about intelligent nano-structures acting immediately from the implant to diffuse medicine throughout the body – or a small robotic device that can travel around the circulatory system to identify and eat away clots. Think of the possibilities if we had robotic paramedics to act within a few minutes on those who are having a heart attack or a super intelligent Ai which can reassure someone with mental health problems and prevent incidents in the future. At the moment we are very much at the R&D phase, but many research groups and companies are involved in this area already.



The availability of technical tools is increasing sharply from basic diabetes control and treatment tools, to the most advanced artificial replacements of human organs or tissues: corneas, pancreas, lungs, heart etc. There is the growing number of health apps and wearable devices to keep better track of our health status, mitigate major risks, get early diagnosis, and intervene immediately when something goes wrong, says Mirko DE MALDè, president at Government Blockchain Association Italy and TEDxSpeaker. “Health apps are capable of monitoring heart functions, allowing a patient to understand when there is atrial fibrillation, thus making it possible to ask for help before is too late. AI-based decision support systems providing clinicians with incredible insight and much better understanding of both the individual patients and of the most suitable and effective treatment options, being able to stay completely updated on the latest discoveries and publications, as well as being able to ingest the complete patient’s history.”


Joanne PRANSKY is world's first robotic psychiatrist and an advisor to robotics industry from San Francisco, started her R&D mission in 1986, to prepare the world for a symbiosis of humans and robots on a daily basis.
According to her, one of the main tasks lies in informing the public about the new developments within this field so that people would be more adaptable to an exponent of human-to-machine technical evolution. She explains the opportunity of symbiosis of the biological and technical forms referring to the words of Ray KURZWEIL — that the future, which we will enter in the nearest 20-30 years, is about us merging with the technologies. An example of which may be medical nano-bots becoming “clever” blood cells or micro-apparatus that can internalised to find and treat diseases. She is one of the leading figures that believes we will be able to upgrade our own intellectual capacity with the use of artificial influences: “Ray says we can be something close to superhumans in the next few decades. The machines will reach human intellect — and overcome it. It doesn’t mean they will take control over us. Its evolution and what’s really true, is that humanity will definitely change. I agree with him totally.” Although I agree that it is exciting, as I am active in this area of research myself – I must issue what I feel are words of caution, as noted by Max TEGMARK, (who was probably the guy who inspired me to get into Machine Learning) and his ASILOMAR AI principles. That humanity must be able to control our development (up to the assumed point of artificial general intelligence) in a manner which is ethical, reduces inequality in the world and conserves our planet. Transhumanism and Machine Learning development in whatever guise it takes should not conflict with our movement towards environmentalism and progressivism. Perhaps this is a good point to invite other thought leaders to come together to create the ASILOMAR equivalent for transhumanism?



Right now, with new technological developments, it is possible to reduce human errors in diagnosis and treatment. Technical challenges are not trivial and major uncertainties still need to be overcome, but it is exciting to dream about: a future where we will be increasingly able to stay healthier for much longer to enjoy life and maximise our positive social impacts on those who need our help in society the most. Are the described above, transhumanism has a lot of challenges to face in the coming years — but it is the natural way of things. when humanity is faced with technological cross-roads.

Amardeep Singh (UK) is the Co-founder and CEO of an International R&D Institution focussing on Quantum Technologies, Software Development and Experimentation in the UK, India, UAE, Russia and Singapore – he is a scientist and ambassador in International Technology Innovation and is also a PhD candidate in Quantum Machine Learning and DLT technologies.

____________________________________________



IF THE BODY IS A TEMPLE-------WHY ALLOW MUTILATION?


One doesn't have to be RELIGIOUS to feel the human body is a NATURAL TEMPLE to be cherished---nurtured-----honored. Below we see discussion in ARABIC nations tied to KORAN simply dealing with MUTILATION OF CORPSES. They haven't even gotten to morals and ethics of mutilating living bodies.


'The main subject of the aforementioned debates is the ownership of human body. Does a person own his/her body? Has he/she the authority of giving consent for such practices on his/her body after death? In this article I have described and discussed the opinions and decrees of the Iranian Islamic jurisprudential authorities in this regard'.


Some people for centuries have gone to great length to make sure they buried with ALL THEIR BODY PARTS. The military has honored this tradition-----


'What Does the Bible Say About Cremation? Our Interpretation ...
cremationinstitute.com/bible-say-about-cremation



Yet, the Church was and still is adamant that a traditional funeral with a burial of the whole body is the preferred method. It’s important to know that at no time has it been proclaimed that if a person is cremated, they will not go to heaven'.



THE MEDICAL INSTITUTION SAYS THIS IMPLANT OR INVASION OF BODY WILL HELP ME.



We are FAST-FORWARDING past thousands of years of legal and moral guidance surrounding BODY OWNERSHIP because we are told the goals have 99% WE THE PEOPLE----BENEFIT.


THAT WOULD BE FAKE NEWS FAKE DATA.


J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2009; 2: 4.
Published online 2009 May 30.
PMCID: PMC3713940
PMID: 23908718



The Ownership of Human Body: An Islamic Perspective

Kiarash Aramesh


Abstract



Using human dead body for medical purposes is a common practice in medical schools and hospitals throughout the world. Iran, as an Islamic country is not an exception. According to the Islamic view, the body, like the soul, is a “gift” from God; therefore, human being does not possess absolute ownership on his or her body. But, the ownership of human beings on their bodies can be described as a kind of “stewardship”. Accordingly, any kind of dissection or mutilation of the corpse is forbidden, even with the informed consent of the dead or his/her relatives. The exception of this principle is when such procedures are necessary for saving lives of other persons. In this article using the human dead body for medical education, research and treatment is discussed and the perspective of Iranian Shiite religious scholars in this regard is explained.



Introduction


Respect for the human dead body, is a consensual principle in the Islamic jurisprudence. According to this principle, the dead body should be buried as soon as possible after death. In addition, mutilation of the human body, even the bodies of non-Muslim enemies, is forbidden (bearing in mind that mutilation of the dead bodies of enemies was a custom among the tribal Arabs at the time of Prophet Muhammed).



The limited number of cases of dissecting dead body which were discussed in the history of jurisprudential debates were dissection the body of a recently dead woman for saving her still alive fetus and dissecting the body of a dead person for removing an amount of money who had swallowed when he was alive. Both of these practices have been considered allowed with certain conditions and with some differences among different jurisprudential schools (1, 2). Otherwise, any kind of mutilation of a dead body was considered as repulsive and forbidden.




There was no problem with this idea, till the modern medicine has been introduced to the Muslim communities. Dissection of the dead bodies for learning and teaching human anatomy at first, and subsequently, the other uses of human dead body on research, education and treatment, emerged new queries about the permissibility of using and dissecting the human dead body for such purposes.




Muslim physicians in Iran, as an Islamic country, has confronted such conflict between respect for the dead body and necessities of modern medical practice, after the introducing of the modern sciences and foundation of modern universities, about 150 years ago. The problem became more prominent after the Islamic revolution in 1979, after which the government and universities became committed to conform medical practices to the Islamic law.



Nowadays, human dead bodies are being used in medical universities and hospitals thorough Iran, for the above mentioned purposes. All the medical schools have their own dissection rooms in the departments of anatomy; interventions such as intubation are being practiced on the recently dead bodies in the hospitals; autopsy for legal and medical purposes is a common practice in the authorized centers and organ transplantation from cadaver is being done frequently. There are still some debates and discussions about the religious permissibility of all these practices.



The main subject of the aforementioned debates is the ownership of human body.


Does a person own his/her body? Has he/she the authority of giving consent for such practices on his/her body after death?

In this article I have described and discussed the opinions and decrees of the Iranian Islamic jurisprudential authorities in this regard.


Meaning and classification of ownership


According to Henk ten Have and Jos Welie:



“Ownership is a complex collection of claim rights, duties, powers, and immunities. As a paradigm of ownership, reference is often made to Honore’s concept of “full individual ownership. Honore compiled a list of standards “incidents of ownership. Although the incidents are not taken individually, necessary conditions for private ownership, they may, however, together be sufficient for full individual; ownership. The standard incidents include: the right to possess a thing; the right to the exclusive use of a thing; the right to manage it; the right to its income; the right to the capital, i.e., the right to alienate (transfer) the object, and the liberty to consume, waste or destroy the object; immunity from expropriation; the power to bequeath it; the absence of term; the prohibition of harmful use; liability to execution; and residuary character. This list is useful as a frame of reference in order to determine different modes of ownership”
(3).




The aforementioned authors have considered three possible positions, regarding to the ownership of human body:

1. No ownership of the human body and its parts;
2. No full ownership of the body, but limited property rights with regard to body parts;
3. Full ownership of the body and its parts (3).

Obviously, ownership of everybody to his body does not possess all the abovementioned incidents. For instance, one can not transfer his/her own body to anyone else; also, one can not waste his/her own body. In addition, selling human organs is prohibited in almost all of the juridical systems. Therefore, it seems plausible to say that human being has limited ownership to his or her own body.




According to the Islamic view, the body, like the soul, is a “gift” from God; therefore, man does not possess absolute ownership on his body. But, the ownership of human beings on their bodies can be described as a kind of “stewardship” (1).




It should be noticed that in secular schools of thought, regardless of the kind of ownership, a person is the most relevant one for decision making about his or her body after his or her death. Accordingly, using advance directive can solve the ethical problems in many cases. According to the Islamic schools of thought, a person has not any kind of authority, ownership or stewardship on his future dead body. Therefore, advance directive is not considered an absolute right in the Islamic law.



Using the human dead body for education


Dissecting of dead bodies is a standard practice for education in anatomy departments. It has been practiced in the medical schools in Iran since the foundation of modern medical schools.



Almost all the Iranian Shiite religious authorities deem allowed to dissect the corpse of a non-Muslim for medical educational purposes. But almost all of them consider such practice on the dead body of a Muslim, as forbidden (2, 4). According to the religious decrees (Fatwas) of some of Iranian Shiite religious authorities (e.g. Ayatollah Khamenei (5) and Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi (6)), in the cases of unavailability of the corpse of non-Muslims and the necessity of educatinglife-saving medical knowledge and techniques, dissection of the corpse of a Muslim would be allowed.



There is another kind of using human dead body for research which seems to be more controversial, morally speaking, using the recently dead body to practice endotracheal intubation (ETI). “ETI is the placing of a tube in a patient’s trachea and it is the preferred method of managing the airway in patients with life-threatening conditions” (7).




As far as I searched, practicing ETI on the recently dead has not been asked from the religious authorities in Iran; however, according the logic of their answers to the similar questions and their view toward the ownership of human dead body, it may be concluded that in the cases of necessity, it would be allowed.



Using the human dead body for research

This kind of using human dead body, for example using in car crash tests, has been objected with this argument that such practice is contrary to the principle of human dignity (8). Nevertheless, such uses are commonly provided by the informed consent had been given before the death.



In this regard, in Iran, a national guideline has been compiled in the medical ethics and history of medicine research center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and communicated by the minister of health in 2006 (9).

According to the Special Guideline for Research on Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation, for using organs or tissues obtained from the dead bodies, in addition to the necessity of being approved by the Research Ethics Committee, “obtaining the consent of person before death or the consent of his or her representative is necessary”. In the transplantation researches the consent should be based on opting-in, even if this would be changed for therapeutic purposes. Also, “when one is opposed to donate his or her organs or tissues, his or her representative can not permit it after his or her death” (10).



Although the abovementioned guideline has been approved by religious scholars in Iran, it is interesting that some issues like as the deference between Muslims and non-Muslims have not been considered in it.


Using human dead body for treatment

The Iranian Model of Kidney Transplantation was very successful in eliminating the long waiting list for kidney transplantation (11). However, serious ethical concerns about the commercialization of human organs are being conveyed by ethicists, from inside and outside of Iran, to Iranian religious and health authorities (12, 13). Using organs of deceased or brain-dead persons has been discussed as a solution. Religious authorities permitted such practice and consequently, in 2000, the parliament approved the Organ Transplantation and Brain Death Act, allowing the use of organs from deceased or brain-dead persons provided the consent by their relatives (14). The similar considerations mentioned above, about the impact of religious differences, do exist in these cases.




In addition, removing the cornea of unidentified dead bodies in the Forensic Medicine Organization has been practiced for several years.


Discussion and conclusion

The religious perspectives toward using human dead body for medical education, research and treatment are based on some presumptions including:

1. The supreme religious authority (Vali-e Faghih) has the right to make decision regarding human dead bodies usage.
2. In the cases of necessity for life-saving educations, researches or treatments, use of human dead body is allowed, encouraged and even recommended.
3. In the cases of dissecting, it is preferred to use the dead bodies of non-Muslims.
4. In the cases of treatment, the priority should be given to the Muslim patients if the needs are equal and resources are limited.

This essay is not complete without pointing out some important related points:

1. The exact relation between ethics and religious jurisprudence is still ambiguous and controversial among Iranian scholars. Jurisprudential decrees are considered as the basis of the rules and regulations in Iran but in the cases of conflict between such decrees and universal ethical norms, some modifications seem necessary.
2. In the case of this essay, according the classical Shiite jurisprudence, the decision-making about using human dead body is not by the advance directive or consent of relatives. But such consents have been considered as necessary by regulations because of ethical obligations.
3. The difference between Muslims and non-Muslims with regard to dissecting the dead body for educational purposes has not been mentioned in the formal rules and regulations which shows the difficulty of translating such decrees to rules and regulations.
4. According to the Islamic law, saving the life of human beings has utmost priority and if any kind of using a corpse is necessary for life-saving, it would definitely be allowed. However, judgment about the “necessity” is very difficult in many cases.
   
   ____________________________________
   
   Is AFFORDABLE CARE ACT with medical procedure and policy promoting IMPLANT AND TRANSHUMANIST goals protecting what we call BARBER SURGEONS? These acts are being done in INSTITUTIONS under an umbrella of legal protection. Yet, all of what is being done at these INSTITUTIONS is CRIMINAL ----is CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ----under every legal tenet in US and INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Here we see ----we do not allow MUTILATION OF BODY in this SERIAL KILLERS often RITUALISTIC -----
These cases and judgements say-----A HUMAN HAS THE RIGHT TO EXPECT NOT TO BE DISMEMBERED-----NOT TO BE IMPLANTED WITH FOREIGN BODIES.






'Mutilation Crime Law in Illinois - Chicago Criminal Defense ...
www.srhunterlaw.com/Criminal-Code-of-1961...

Article 12: Mutilation Crimes. (a)(1) Any person who pierces the body or oral cavity of a person under 18 years of age without written consent of a parent or legal guardian of that person commits the offense of piercing the body of a minor. Before the oral cavity of a person under 18 years of age may be pierced,...'



Photos

OK’d in trial against murder, mutilation suspect


Grand Rapids
by: WOODTV.com staff, Barton Deiters
Posted: Aug 16, 2019 / 11:24 AM EDT / Updated: Aug 16, 2019 / 06:47 PM EDT




Trial set for murder, mutilation suspect
Brother: Jared Chance ‘very disturbed’ after Ashley Young’s death
Apologetic mutilation suspect: ‘I don’t know what to do’
GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. (WOOD) — A man charged with murdering a Kalamazoo area woman and dismembering her body at his Grand Rapids apartment was back in court Friday, as lawyers prepare to present his case.


Jared Chance appeared in court for the hearing in which lawyers argued over what evidence could be shared at his Sept. 9 trial.


Chance’s defense team argued crime scene and autopsy photos should be excluded from the trial, saying the only purpose of showing such graphic photos would be to sway the jury. But the judge ruled the photos would be allowed as evidence.


Chance is charged with murder, tampering with evidence, mutilation of a dead body and concealing the death of 31-year-old Ashley Young of Oshtemo Township.


Jared Chance with long hair and Jared Chance with short hairLeft to right: Jared Chance during an Aug. 16, 2019 hearing and Jared Chance during his Dec. 3, 2018 booking into the Kent County jail.


The photos depict the state of Young’s body parts when they were discovered by police in December in different parts of the Franklin Street SE apartment house where he lived.


News 8 will not show the photos that were even startling to a seasoned defense attorney.


“Exhibit 16 is particularly gruesome, photograph 17 is, quite frankly, indescribable. I’m not even attempting to do so. Your honor, it has zero relevance or evidentiary value other than to inflame the jury,” said defense attorney Andrew Rodenhouse. “It’s designed to inflame the jury so that they can gain a conviction on murder without having to prove murder.”


The prosecution has 186 proposed exhibits for the trial expected to begin Sept. 9, including 150 photos. Rodenhouse wants five of those to be excluded.
But Assistant Kent County Prosecutor Lawrence Boivin told a judge Friday the photos show the reality of what happened to the Kalamazoo woman at the hands of her accused killer.


“It’s not a pretty picture at all. I acknowledge that but it is an absolutely crucial picture for the trier of fact to see because sometimes there’s validity to the phrase that a picture is worth 1,000 words,” Boivin said.“ The defendant… took a lot of time to do what he did to Ms. Young’s body.”
The prosecutor will argue that Young was not killed in the basement where her torso was found beneath a tarp by another resident.


“After the defendant killed her, he dragged her 15, 20 feet into the bathtub upstairs and that’s where he did the majority of the dismemberment,” Boivin said. “Nobody in their right mind would have done that to another human unless they were the one who caused that person’s death.”


He says the photos make it clear.
“Until you actually see what dismemberment is, you cannot comprehend what this individual did to Ms. Young,” the prosecutor said.


The judge agreed.
“I will allow those five pictures to come in,” said Kent County Circuit Court Judge Mark Trusock.
Young was last seen alive with Chance on Nov. 29 at a liquor store about a block away from his Franklin Street apartment.


Detectives earlier testified Chance bought ammonia and beer at the same store after Young’s disappearance. Her purse was also found inside a nearby trash can that Chance was seen dumping something into.


Found at the home on Franklin Street SE was hundreds of shotgun shells and two spent shell casings in the air duct from Chance’s apartment to the furnace.
Boivin also said Chance talked about how he could with Mario Nelson about how he could get away with murder and he also brandished and pulled the trigger on a shotgun. In his presence.



“There is evidence that suggests the defendant shot and killed Ashley Young,” Boivin said. “Could he have strangled her? Sure. We will never know because he got rid of her neck and head.”

This was done to thwart the discovery of evidence and to hide his involvement.


“Nobody in their right mind would do this to another human to cover up an accidental death.”



Chance was arrested Dec. 2 after his neighbor found a bloody tarp in the apartment complex basement and called police. Part of Young’s remains were found in Chance’s apartment, but her head, hands and feet have not been recovered.
In a jailhouse interview weeks after the murder, Chance apologized to Young’s mother and told News 8 “I don’t know what to do here.”


During Friday’s hearing, Kent County Assistant Prosecutor Lawrence Boivin said it’s possible Chance shot her before the dismemberment.


A detective testified in January that two shell casings were recovered inside the furnace at Chance’s home. A sergeant said the father of Jared Chance acknowledged his son had a .22 caliber revolver.


Chance’s parents, James and Barbara Chance are also facing charges in the case. They’ve both pleaded not guilty to charges of perjury and being accessories after the fact.



Court documents indicated a day before Jared Chance’s arrest, he loaded boxes into his parents’ car, had them stop at Young’s car to pick up another box, then headed to their home in Holland.


A search of James and Barbara Chance’s home revealed a saw under the couch in the living room, the documents say. Traces of blood and tissue were found on that saw. Young’s autopsy indicated the saw was used in her dismemberment.
___________________________________________




MEDICAL MUTILATION does not have to be REMOVING A BODY PART------we discussed in detail how BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS are undermining and creating dysfunction of normal SOFT TISSUE----of ORGANELLES-----of ORGANS----tissue and DNA are dying -----mutating-----these are all assaults against HUMAN BODY. The mentally that all this is OK because these body structures will be replaced by mechanical devices deemed SUPREME/BETTER then the NATURAL body system is FALSE PREMISE.


THERE IS A LEGAL DEFINITION OF FALSE PREMISE


TITLE IN PROPERTY is ownership of body and body parts -------

'False representations of material past or present facts, known by the wrongdoer to be false, and made with the intent to defraud a victim into passing title in property to the wrongdoer'.



 Supposedly, because I fell into a social system with clinical depression I was able to be 'USED' to the extent that I gave up my BODY SOVEREIGNTY.



False Pretenses


False representations of material past or present facts, known by the wrongdoer to be false, and made with the intent to defraud a victim into passing title in property to the wrongdoer.


Suppose Reba tells Alberto that a synthetic gemstone is a valuable diamond that she will give to Alberto in exchange for Alberto's truck. Alberto thinks this sounds like a good deal and transfers title of his truck to Reba. If Reba knows that the stone is a synthetic gemstone, she is guilty of false pretenses.


A truthful statement that causes someone to give up rights in property does not constitute criminal false pretenses; a representation must be false at the time the potential victim is about to pass title.


If the representation was false when made, but changing circumstances made it true by the time the victim passed title, false pretenses did not arise. Also, if the alleged wrongdoer thought his or her statement was a lie, but the statement was in fact true, the crime of false pretenses was not committed. For example, if Reba thinks the stone is synthetic, but it actually is a diamond, her statement to Alberto claiming that it is a diamond is true (even if she doesn't know it). Therefore, Reba is not guilty of false pretenses.



A false representation can be a verbal, written, or implied statement. For example, if a statement suggests that the wrongdoer has the authority, power, or ability to perform what is represented, but the wrongdoer does not have that authority, power, or ability, the implication is a false representation.


A false representation can also occur when the wrongdoer says or does nothing. This is the case when someone knowingly conceals information that the victim should be made aware of.

For example, if Reba tells Alberto that she will trade her valuable sports car for Alberto's truck, knowing that the sports car does not have a motor, she must tell Alberto about the missing motor or her nondisclosure will be a false representation.



The false representation supporting false pretenses must be about a material fact. A material fact is one that would be important to the victim in his or her decision-making process. For example, it is important for Alberto to know that Reba's sports car does not have a motor, because without a motor, the car is less valuable and cannot be driven.

It is less important for him to know that the tire pressure is low, because that fact does not affect the value of the car, and thus Reba would not be guilty of false pretenses for failing to mention that the tires need air.



The representation must concern a past or present fact; a false representation of a future fact does not constitute criminal false pretenses.


A car salesperson who claims that a car will run great in ten years is representing a future fact. An exaggerated expression of opinion, like a sales pitch, may not be entirely true but is not a criminal false representation.


However, a promise about the future that, at the time it is made, the promisor does not intend to keep, is a criminal false representation of a material fact.



If the salesperson promises to buy the car back if it is not running great in ten years, but he does not intend to satisfy the promise, the false promise is a false representation.



When a representation is in fact false, the wrongdoer must know it is false. If an alleged wrongdoer believed the statement was true— whether that belief was reasonable or unreasonable—he or she did not commit false pretenses because they did not knowingly make a false representation. If Reba believes that the synthetic stone is in fact a diamond, then she does not commit false pretenses when she tells Alberto it is a diamond. However, if the wrongdoer is not sure or does not care if a statement is false, and makes the statement with reckless indifference for truthfulness, the statement is a false representation.



It is important to determine why the wrongdoer told the lie. The wrongdoer must intend the false representation to defraud the victim.


Intention to defraud the victim exists where the wrongdoer planned to unjustly acquire title to the victim's property by means of the untruth.


That is, the wrongdoer will have planned the false representation in advance and will have calculated to deceive the victim into transferring title by way of the false statement. Telling an untruth, in and of itself, will not subject the liar to prosecution for false pretenses.



The victim of false pretenses must have relied on the false representation.


The false representation must be the reason, or one of the reasons, that the victim passed title to the wrongdoer. It does not matter how gullible or naive the victim would seem for believing the representation; the wrongdoer is still guilty. On the other hand, to rely on a false statement, the potential victim must believe it to be true. An individual who does not believe a false representation but passes title to the statement maker anyway does not rely on the representation, and the statement maker will not be guilty.



Conviction of false pretenses requires the wrongdoer to obtain more than possession of the property; the wrongdoer must also obtain title to the property.


A wrongdoer who gains possession of property but not title to the property is guilty of a different crime often referred to as Larceny. For example, a wrongdoer who breaks a truck's window and hot-wires the truck acquires only possession of the truck and is guilty of larceny.



Other laws may require the delivery of the possession of property in order to complete a transfer of title. In such cases, the wrongdoer may have to obtain title as well as possession of the property to be guilty of false pretenses. Imagine that the laws of the state where Alberto and Reba live require a party to take possession in order to obtain a valid transfer of title. Alberto signs the paper title over to Reba, but before Reba drives the truck away, Alberto figures out the scam, and Reba runs off. No transfer of title has occurred, because the state's laws require possession in addition to paper title, and Reba is not guilty of false pretenses.



Title does not have to pass directly to the wrongdoer. A wrongdoer can cause a victim to pass title to someone other than the wrongdoer and still benefit from the transfer. A transfer of title to a family member or a corporation in which the wrongdoer has an interest constitutes a transfer of title for purposes of false pretenses.



In many states, crimes relating to theft of property, including false pretenses, have been combined and consolidated into one offense. Statutory consolidation usually does not change the essential elements of false pretenses, but instead ensures smoother prosecution so that wrongdoers cannot avoid criminal consequences by finding legal loopholes to slip through.



A number of crimes are very similar to false pretenses. For example, when an individual attempts to pass a bad check, there is intent to defraud because he or she is attempting to obtain money or property by issuing checks from an account that does not exist or has insufficient funds. Mail Fraud is a crime reasonably calculated to deceive victims, and accomplishes the deception by using the U.S. mail. A scheme to defraud using the mail is actionable whether or not any false representation was made. Securities registration laws prohibit a wrongdoer from knowingly furnishing false information in connection with the sale or registration of securities. Forgery can be likened to false pretenses in that it is a crime where the genuineness of a document is falsely represented.



In addition to being criminally accountable for obtaining property by false pretenses, the wrongdoer may also be liable in a civil court. Liability for tortuous fraudulent Misrepresentation, or deceit, closely parallels liability for criminal fraudulent misrepresentation.


A wrongdoer who fraudulently misrepresents a fact in order to induce another to act or refrain from acting in reliance upon it may be liable for pecuniary loss caused to the victim by the victim's justifiable reliance upon the misrepresentation.

__________________________________________


Supposedly, I fell victim to forced and unknowing implant experimentation because I am a PERSON OF CONSCIENCE----A REAL LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVE I AM MAN-----and as here in China-----political prisoners are earliest to get the brunt of FORCED BODY/BRAIN MUTILATION. This article let's us know that the world knows this is CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.

'whose Confucian value system considers it important to keep the body ­intact after death',


CHINESE SOCIAL CREDIT SCORE ------CHINESE GLOBAL CORPORATE MARXISM EXTREME WEALTH EXTREME POWER IS MOVING FORWARD US FOREIGN ECONOMIC ZONES.
Body brokers making millions selling your loved one's organs---or illegally implanting and making experimental research---HITTING ----anyone chosen.

Global medical corporations having taken our US PUBLIC HEALTH are indeed seeing themselves as INDUSTRIAL



'The victims were Chinese citizens who wanted nothing more than to practice their beliefs in peace. Instead, they were killed by their government on an industrial scale'.


 MEDICAL INDUSTRY is the opposite of PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELL-BEING.

The ugly truth about China’s organ harvesting

By Anastasia Lin
June 23, 2019 | 10:34pm

The verdict is in: On June 17, the China Tribunal announced its finding that China’s Communist regime has for two decades practiced systematic, forced organ removal from prisoners of conscience, mainly Falun Gong practitioners and Muslims.


The independent, London-based panel of international legal and medical experts was led by Sir Geoffrey Nice, who also headed the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.


After unwilling donors are executed, the tribunal found, their organs are sold to Chinese citizens or foreign “transplant tourists.” Before 2015, China, whose Confucian value system considers it important to keep the body ­intact after death, had no voluntary organ-transplant system. Yet hospitals perform some 60,000 to 90,000 transplant surgeries each year.



Chinese hospitals promise that they can deliver hearts, livers, kidneys and corneas of matching blood type and size in two weeks. The surgeries can be scheduled in advance, which suggests hospitals know exactly when the “donors” are going to die. By contrast, America has a highly developed voluntary organ-donation system, and recipients typically have to wait hundreds of days.



According to human-rights researchers, Chinese prison authorities regularly subject detained Falun Gong practitioners to medical exams to determine the health of their organs (even as they routinely torture these same prisoners). Detained Uighur Muslims report similar medical examinations.



The tribunal also heard from Chinese medical personnel who have defected from the regime. They warned Western governments and medical practitioners of this ongoing atrocity.



It wasn’t easy. One researcher likened his work to examining the scene following a nuclear explosion. Chinese government agencies and hospitals never provide honest numbers, so investigators have to make inferences from evidence such as hospital-renovation notices, patient turnover rates and medical research papers to estimate how many transplants are performed at each hospital.


Beijing deletes all traces of evidence online, making preservation of available records vitally important to rights researchers.



I first grappled seriously with this issue when I starred in the 2016 film “The Bleeding Edge.” I played a ­Falun Gong practitioner imprisoned for her beliefs, who is tied to an operating table as her vital organs are removed to be sold for profit.


I later joined these courageous researchers and campaigners. We testified at legislative hearings to push for laws prohibiting foreigners from going to China for transplants and banning Chinese medical and police personnel from visiting the West.



It was an uphill battle. Although Israel and Taiwan both passed laws making it harder for their citizens to obtain transplants in China, most other democratic governments were reluctant to acknowledge this crime against humanity, perhaps ­because doing so would imply an obligation to act immediately.



China launches vicious ad hominem attacks against critics, to undermine our credibility. Numerous screenings of my film, and of documentaries on the subject, have been canceled on university campuses and elsewhere following phones calls from Chinese diplomats.



A year ago I was booked to discuss organ harvesting on a prominent Western public broadcaster. A producer canceled the interview hours before I was due to go on air. My representative was told the order came from “higher up” and that my “affiliations” had disqualified me from talking on live TV. China’s state-run media called me a tool of a “cult” working with “anti-China forces” to spread lies.



Hundreds of thousands of people have been murdered and had their organs harvested since the practice was industrialized in 2000.

The victims were Chinese citizens who wanted nothing more than to practice their beliefs in peace. Instead, they were killed by their government on an industrial scale.

For those of us who have fought to expose this crime against humanity, the tribunal’s verdict is an answer to a prayer. We had presented the free world with mounds of evidence but were repeatedly dismissed.



How many crimes did China’s global partners ignore, because the truth was inconvenient?

Now that the China Tribunal has concluded that organ harvesting is happening on a massive scale, and systematically documented the practice, there is no excuse left for inaction.



Anastasia Lin, Miss World Canada 2015, is ambassador for China policy at the Macdonald Laurier ­Institute and a senior fellow at the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for ­Human Rights.

________________________________________


We remind that the initial understanding for ME with JAN 2019 HITTING was my being attacked by SEXUAL PREDATORS with illegal surveillance and 24/7 VIDEO PORN. That was indeed happening. We want to prosecute NOSY NEIGHBORS for SEXUAL ASSAULTS AND PORN----but laws and precedence for VIDEO sexual assaults are WEAK today ----we discussed other crimes tied to those REVENGE PORN structures of HACKING into people's homes or IMPLANTS.



Mainstream global banking 1% MEDIA OUTLETS are placing all the emphasis to these illegal surveillance structures on the REVENGE PORN aspect of these crimes and saying nothing about the MEDICAL ASSAULTS-----MUTILATIONS----and hacking use of these implant devices for CRIMES.


THAT SHOULD BE A PRIMARY GOAL OF LAWSUITS AGAINST HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG.



The cultural FAD of US 99% WE THE PEOPLE as PORN ADDICTS MOVES FORWARD goals of TRANSHUMANISM.


Internet Porn and Sexual Assault
•May 18, 2019
7th Day Truth Seeker


We have discussed YODA------as the MONKEY ON THE BACK OF SKYWALKER ------as being SATANIC. We have discussed how all our Christian religions seem to be taking CHRIST off the cross in our churches. We have discussed how MOVING FORWARD KILLS OUR MAINSTREAM RELIGIONS-----with DARK SATANIC replacing the CHRISTIAN ideals of morals and ethics---loving GOD'S CREATION.




BABY YODA is the SATANIC second coming of CHRIST-------replacing CHRIST with the DEVIL/SATAN---so BABY YODA would be CHRIST IN THE MANAGER.


The FEEDBACK on THE NETWORK from NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG tied to the satanic sex trade and cult were saying I WAS THE YODA-----OH, REALLY???



These are global banking 1% CULTURAL ARTS to create FADS-----leading us all the ways to CULTURAL NORMS with goals of mainstreaming A VERY MARGINAL CULT OF TRANSHUMANISM.


We hear on THE NETWORK that there are many people supporting TRANSHUMANISM-------we say those people do not have INFORMED CONSENT----they are being sold a FALSE PREMISE ------IT'S ALL ABOUT MLK AND HIS DREAM.


'About this website
youtube.com
The Mandalorian: Baby Yoda Explained | Who The New STAR WARS Character Is & Why The Empire Wants It'

We will segue into LEGAL/LAW public policy using the same format regarding my DEPOSITION soon to become a LAWSUIT against HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG.

Throughout this year of PSYCHO-SEXUAL TORTURE with ABU GHRAIB and CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY my earliest interpretation of what was happening with this illegal surveillance and 24/7 black market PORN I have thought of how to format that lawsuit as a LAWYER representing myself---PRO BONO but also encouraging other VICTIMS of HOSTING SERVER BARBER SURGEONS as NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG.


My case involves multiple crimes----RACKETEERING with WIRE/MAIL FRAUDS------black market organized crime around SEX TRADE AND PORN-----MEDICAL CRIMES against health institutions tied to advancing medical policies THAT NO ONE WANTS and doing it SECRETLY AND ILLEGALLY.  The other source is GLOBAL CORPORATIONS tied to manufacturing and PATENTING these DEVICES whether BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS-----or the TELEMEDICINE APARTMENT/HOUSE imaging and diagnostic devices.

Each kind of lawsuit involves different kinds of LAWYERS----different COURT SYSTEMS-----and looking for LAWYERS is very, very, very difficult as almost ALL US LAWYERS today work for global corporations and HATE PUBLIC JUSTICE/HUMAN RIGHTS.

We want to start by acknowledging these global banking 1% OLD WORLD KINGS KNIGHTS OF MALTA TRIBE OF JUDAH tend to send in the FREEMASONRY/GREEK PLAYERS in all economic industries. 

CLASS ACTION LAWSUITS HAVE BEEN A SCAM---THE LAW FIRMS RECEIVE THE BULK OF ANY CIVIL AWARDS AND THEY ALMOST NEVER SEEK CRIMINAL PROSECUTION AND PRECEDENT.

We are not picking on any one family ---------many families have PLAYERS working for global 1% -----below we see ONE EXAMPLE========the GILREATH FAMILY TREE seems to have LOTS of DOCTORS----they have as well LOTS OF LAWYERS.  If one family member is a BARBER SURGEON patenting and administering SICKO medical structures---LIKE BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS-----then another family relative may be that CLASS ACTION LAWYER.

BARBER SURGEONS ARE MAKING MILLION ON PREDATORY IMPLANT MEDICINE------CLASS ACTION LAWYERS WHO WAIT UNTIL THAT DEVICE CAUSES HARM----MAKES MILLIONS ON THAT HARM.

Does barber surgeon care if class action LAWYER makes million on MEDICAL LAWSUITS?  NO------the millions have been made and the lawsuits go after the global corporations.

Below we see a CLASS ACTION LAW FIRM GILREATH doing IMPLANT CLASS ACTION LAWSUITS.


'Gilreath & Associates

Sid Gilreath has helped thousands of clients in Tennessee receive compensation for serious injuries. Learn more: SidGilreath.com



Hip Replacement Lawsuits

Litigation surrounding hip surgeries and implantsWritten by: Enjuris Editors'


Below we see a list of GILREATHS who may or may not be BARBER SURGEONS but work in the medical fields PROMOTING IMPLANT MEDICINE AND TELEMEDICINE.  These DOCTORS KNOW implant medicine is causing GREAT HARM AND DEATH.

Tremendous SICKO results from patents over these few decades of CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA ---now TRUMP.



'Dr. Lora Gilreath, MD - Reviews - Sugar Land, TX
www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-lora-gilreath...

Dr. Lora Gilreath, MD is a pediatrics specialist in Sugar Land, TX. She graduated from University Of Tennessee Health Science Center College Of Medicine and specializes in pediatrics'.

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'About Dr. Catherine Gilreath, DO
Dr. Catherine Gilreath is a family medicine doctor in Fort Wayne, Indiana'.

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'Dentist Burien, WA | Gilbreath Dental

www.gilbreathdental.com Gilbreath

Dental provides comprehensive dental care in Burien, WA. Dr. Gilbreath offers dental cleanings and exams, cosmetic dentistry, tooth replacement, and more'.

*************************************************************

'Rodney Gilreath, MD | Henry Ford Health System - Detroit, MI

www.henryford.com/physician-directory/g/gilreath...


To obtain patient ratings and comments, we partner with Press Ganey, an independent patient satisfaction company that works with more than 26,000 healthcare organizations to improve the patient experience'.

*****************************************************************

'Dr. Paul Gilreath

Dental Implants

Gilreath Dental Associates is located in Marietta, Georgia and serves patients in Marietta, Kennesaw, Smyrna, East Cobb County, West Cobb County and the surrounding areas. Dr. Paul Gilreath has significant experience in both placing dental implants and restoring dental implants. Our team is committed to exceeding the expectations of every patient, referral source and member of our community by delivering compassionate and comfortable surgical care of the highest quality and value'.

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Meet Our Doctors - Dentist in Goose Creek, SCwww.goosecreekfamilydentistry.com/our-practice/...

Dr. Ryan Gilreath was born and raised in Greer, South Carolina. He attended undergraduate at Wofford College in Spartanburg, SC, where he earned a Bachelor of Science in biology and a Bachelor of Arts in Spanish. In 2004, Dr. Gilreath was awarded the highest academic honor award, Phi Beta Kappa.

**************************************


'Dr. Richard W. Gilreath DDS - Dentist in Mount Airy, NC ...www.caredash.com/doctors/richard-gilreath-dds...

Dr. Richard W. Gilreath DDS is a male dentist in Mount Airy, NC. Dr. Richard W. Gilreath DDS has an overall patient experience rating of 4.2/5.0. He is licensed to practice by the state board in North Carolina (6035). Dentists are doctors of oral health that treat and prevent diseases and ...'


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'Dr. Paul Gilreath is a neurologist in Jasper, AL. He sees patients who have conditions of the nervous system, such as ALS or epilepsy'.

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'Dr. Valerie S Gilreath - Family Practice, Glendale AZwww.healthcare4ppl.com/physician/arizona/... Dr. Valerie S Gilreath is a Family Practice Specialist in Glendale, Arizona. He graduated with honors from University Of Health Sciences / Chicago Medical School in 1973'.

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Gilreath Chiropractic Health Center
Dr. Charles Gilreath
Contact UGilreath Chiropractic Health Center
1420 North Bridge St.
Elkin, NC 38621
Telephone: (336) 835-1517
Email: gilreathchiropractic@aol.com



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Dr. Crystal Gilreath Rucker
Home
·
Dr. Crystal Gilreath Rucker
Dr. Crystal Gilreath
Rucker

Dr. Crystal Rucker
Dr. Crystal Rucker is so proud to be a native of Clarksville, TN.  Her military family was stationed in the area when she was 4 years old.  Growing up in Clarksville helped to cultivate her personal values of love for family, support for your country, and faith in God.  This great city also instilled in Dr. Rucker the importance of education.  Her journey to becoming a pediatric dentist was inspired by an educational program at Clarksville High School when she was only 15 years old.


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'Tracy Lee Gilreath


Licensed Professional Counselor, , LPCS
(704) 457-1184

• About
• Network

Verified By Psychology Today
We all have times of suffering in our lives; it is difficult to walk through those times alone. Having gone through my own healing in counseling, and being a "wounded healer" aids me in being able to help others deal with their own suffering. I worked as a youth pastor for 16 years and in the mental health industry for the past 13 years with adolescents, children, and their families. I seek to help families that are having conflict in their home as well as those having school issues'.


*****************************************************

Gilreath & Associates
Sid Gilreath has helped thousands of clients in Tennessee receive compensation for serious injuries. Learn more: SidGilreath.com



Hip Replacement Lawsuits

Litigation surrounding hip surgeries and implants


Written by: Enjuris Editors


If your hip replacement failed and you think it was because of the surgeon’s or manufacturer’s negligence, you might be eligible to join a lawsuit for product liability or file suit against the surgeon for medical malpractice. Many people find that a hip surgery lawsuit is the only way to recoup the high costs of revision surgeries, medications and treatments and make some amends for the loss of quality of life they are now facing. Learn what you need to know about lawsuits following hip surgeries.If you are having a hip replacement procedure, then you know that new hardware is involved. Technically, you’re going to become a little bionic. Part of your body will be removed by a surgeon and a foreign object will be implanted in its place.

Obviously, this might lead to some trepidation on your part. Is the device safe? Has it been market tested? What about the surgeon? Has anything ever gone wrong on his watch? Are there any hip replacement lawsuits against the manufacturer or surgeon?

Most of the time, everything goes according to plan. The damaged bone is removed, the implant replaces it, and you’re sewn up without issues. The implant lasts its usual lifetime of 15-ish years and then you go through the process again.





What if things go wrong?


Hip replacement lawsuits - background


A hip replacement is a procedure that removes damaged bone and replaces it with a metal, ceramic or plastic ball-in-socket joint. Bones that have been damaged by fractures, aging, arthritis and more can make normal activities difficult – dressing, walking, sitting and even sleeping.

When medications or changes to lifestyle fail (such as a cane, walker, exercise regimens, NSAIDs or other non-surgical methods), a hip replacement may be suggested by your medical professional.

Your surgeon will acquire an implant from a device manufacturer. Medical device companies are held to a higher standard, so a defective device lawsuit will not have to focus on the manufacturer’s intent – just whether there was an injury.



Enjuris tip: Is your faulty hip implant a medical malpractice case or a products defect case? Perhaps it’s both. Only a good lawyer can tell you.Manufacturers are responsible for creating a product that works in a safe way. They must warn end users about potential harms and provide accurate instructions. If they don’t, consumers can sue for everything from lost wages to the cost of additional surgeries. Sometimes products make it to market without having gone through appropriate FDA testing. This is called the 510(K) Premarket Notification Process. If a company has submitted a product to the FDA and has received approval to sell it, they can sell another substantially similar product that hasn’t been vetted yet. This is one major way that defects can go unnoticed by the public until it’s too late.

Sometimes, to preclude a wave of lawsuits, manufacturers will figure that out themselves and start a preemptive recall of defective devices.



Why do people go to court over hip implants?


It’s one thing to have a surgery for a painful condition and still experience pain afterward, despite the fixed condition.


Post-Accident Journal Form

Sample accident journal/diary to help you document the effect on your daily life




That’s not what hip surgery lawsuits are about.

The most common reasons for these surgeons and medical device manufacturers to get sued are complications, problems and after-effects caused by:

• Device loosening
• Metallosis (buildup of metal particles shedding from the device)
• Implant failed earlier than anticipated
• The device was marketed as safe when it was not
• Patient required additional surgeries that could have been avoided
• Device was not accompanied by adequate safety/implanting instructions
• Failure to warn

Defective products cases after hip surgery


There are many lawsuits for hip surgeries gone wrong. If you Google “hip replacement class action,” you’ll receive 352,000 results. What it comes down to is that hip replacement manufacturers have paid out $7.5 billion to injured patients since 2000. As of late 2017, there are approximately 13,000 hip surgery court cases pending across the United States.



There are 13,000 hip replacement lawsuits in the United States. Did your hip replacement fail?


There are many class action suits for this type of case.



Multidistrict litigation, or MDL, is a process that joins together at least two manufacturers and allows hundreds or even thousands of similar plaintiffs from different federal districts to move quickly through the courts. When there are so many plaintiffs whose complaints seem almost interchangeable, this keeps judges from having to hear and re-hear the same case over and over again. These are still in the early stages.

The FDA regulates the medical devices industry. It notifies medical professionals and the public at large when it becomes known that a hip replacement model should be avoided. Following is a list of manufacturers and their hip replacement device models which have been the subject of lawsuits or device failures that we know of:

• Depuy Orthopedics
  • ASR
  • ASR XL
  • AML
  • Pinnacle
  • Prodigy
  • S-ROM
  • Marathon
• Centerpulse
  • Orthadapt
  • Inter-Op
• Encore Orthopedics
  • Foundation
  • Linear
  • Revelation
• Exactech
  • Opteon
• Biomet
  • M2a
  • Mallory-Head
  • Taperloc
• Zimmer Holdings
  • Durom Cop
  • VerSys
  • Mayo Hip
  • Longevity

• Corin
  • Cormet2000
• Wright Medical Technology
  • Conserve Plus
  • Profemur Z
  • Perfecta
  • Dynasty
  • Metal Transcend
• Stryker Orthopedics
  • Rejuvenate
  • ABG II
  • Omnifit
  • Sulzer Inter-Op
  • Exeter
  • Crossfire
  • Trident Hemispherical SH
• Smith & Nephew
  • Metal liner of R3
  • Duo
  • IVS Tunneler
  • Modular SMF
  • Modular Redapt Femoral System
  • TriGen Hip Nail
  • Synergy
  • Birmingham

Metal-on-metal hip implants are the implant type that fail most often, and those have been the subject of many lawsuits against manufacturers.



If your hip replacement failed, you might be eligible to join a lawsuit. Find out how.


The following companies have cases pending against them or paid out large awards for hip replacement settlements or lawsuits:

• Depuy’s Pinnacle lawsuit: A jury awarded $502 million to five plaintiffs in January 2016; another jury awarded $1 billion to six plaintiffs in December 2016; and a third jury awarded $247 million to six plaintiffs.
  
  
• Stryker’s LFIT V40 lawsuit: A federal panel combined six lawsuits in 2017 over Stryker’s femoral head into an MDL in Massachusetts federal court. This MDL contains more than 160 lawsuits. In New Jersey, the state Supreme Court combined all state court LFIT 40 lawsuits, which has 83 cases pending.
  
  
• Smith & Nephew’s BHR and R3 hip implant lawsuit: Maryland’s district court reported that there are 127 lawsuits pending in its MDL.

What qualifies as medical malpractice?


Let’s say your implant broke down. Okay. What do you need to do in order to start a case for damages?

You might immediately think this is medical malpractice, though a dual examination must be performed in this instance. Medical malpractice occurs when a licensed medical professional strays from what is considered to be the accepted standard of care in the field. But what about the device itself? (We’ll get there. Stay with us.)

If your surgeon, nurse, doctor, anesthesiologist or other health professional committed one of the acts listed below, you might have legal options:

• Conducted unneeded surgery
• Performed poor follow-up care
• Offered an incorrect diagnosis
• Discharged you early
• Misread or disregarded a critical lab result
• Failed to diagnose a condition
• Gave the wrong medication or dosage

If you think you might have a medical malpractice case, the first thing you need to do is prove negligence on the part of your health care provider. Also, remember that “health care provider” is a loose definition that can range from a doctor to a nurse to an anesthesiologist to a pharmaceutical company to an entire hospital.

In a hip replacement scenario, anyone from your surgeon to a discharge nurse could make a mistake. Was the surgery performed correctly? Did the implant break apart? Were too many pins put in, or not enough? Did the surgeon break your femur when shoving it back into the socket?



What is negligence?


Negligence is what victims must prove if they want to receive damages. There are four foundational elements that have to be established.

Let’s say you went to the doctor for hip replacement surgery, and the metal pieces that were implanted end up breaking and migrating within your body. There is a potential defective products case here, because the metal was faulty, did not stay where it was supposed to and did not do its job. If the surgeon had any idea that the implant was faulty or inserted it incorrectly, he might be liable for a medical malpractice case. That is why a dual examination should be performed – is this a medical malpractice case or a products defect case? Could it be both?

In terms of the medical malpractice case, you would need to show the following:

• Duty: Once the doctor/patient relationship was established, the surgeon owed you a duty of care. This duty required your surgeon to act like any other surgeon would in that situation, meaning he was required to follow accepted medical practices that are standard in the field.
  
  In this instance, you went to your surgeon, submitted personal information so that you could be admitted, and received a surgical implant. This created the relationship and duty of care. The surgeon should act like any other doctor would in that situation.
  
  
• Breach: Once the duty of care is established, your surgeon must exercise reasonable care and follow common procedures.
  
  Here, the duty was breached when the surgeon implanted a faulty device that ended up migrating.
  
  
• Injury: You must suffer an injury because of the surgeon’s actions.
  
  Here, you definitely became injured. To win a medical malpractice suit, your attorney must prove that your surgeon directly caused your injuries. So was it the surgeon, or was it the device?
  
  
• Damages: Your lawyer must prove that you suffered economic and non-economic damages from the injury.
  
  In this instance, you accumulated significant medical bills that would not have been there without the implant’s breakdown. You have further costs from missing work, traveling and lodging. You need additional surgeries to fix the implant. You have significant non-tangible costs, such as pain and suffering, emotional distress, and loss of consortium.

For the medical professional to be found negligent, your attorney must show that his or her conduct fell below the “accepted standard” of medical care, so having experts testify will help as well.

In terms of the defective products lawsuit, it could fall into one of three categories:

• Failure to warn: These are also called “marketing defects” and focus on the supply chain. The product was properly designed, but it was not accompanied by the correct instructions or warnings. This lack of warnings made the product unreasonably dangerous to its intended consumers.
  
  
• Design defects: Even if it was made flawlessly, it can still endanger the end user. A product can be considered unreasonably dangerous if it does not perform as safely as reasonably expected when a consumer uses it in its intended manner.
  
  
• Manufacturing defect: Even if the product were designed to be safe, the end result was not in harmony with that design. If that end product then causes an injury to its intended user, the manufacturer can be held responsible.

As long as the victim can prove the product was indeed defective, the manufacturer’s intent doesn’t matter. All that matters is whether someone can prove the product did not work as intended. Many hip implants were approved by the FDA only to later find that they were manufactured incorrectly or endangered the end user.



Starting a medical malpractice case or a defective products case for your hip surgeryEach state has its own local laws when it comes to medical malpractice and products liability. If your hip replacement broke down or was implanted incorrectly, you very likely have such a case.

Make sure to find out the relevant statute of limitations for your state. This is how much time you have to file a case. If you don’t file within that timeframe, you lose the ability to file.



Personal Injury Attorney Interview Sheet
Worksheet with questions to ask a personal injury attorney to help determine if he or she will be a good fit for your case




For medical malpractice, there are often pre-filing requirements, such as sending notice to the doctor in question and providing a letter from a certified medical professional that details how you were injured. If you don’t fulfil these requirements, you could also be barred from filing the actual lawsuit.



Finding the right attorney for your caseIt is very important to do a lot of research and choose an attorney with experience. These types of law are specialized and require a seasoned lawyer. This is because there is overlap between complicated medical and legal matters. There also are unique procedural issues that come up.



Consider checking out the Enjuris law firm directory to find the right lawyer for you.
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On THE NETWORK we hear FEEDBACK that citizens in Baltimore harmed or killed by IMPLANT MEDICINE are going to do a CLASS ACTION LAWSUIT.  Now, that would not be bad IF--------the lawyer doing that class action lawsuit was doing it PRO-BONO and was doing it to set CRIMINAL PRECEDENCE not only CIVIL AWARDS in STOPPING MOVING FORWARD ONE WORLD ONE TELEMEDICINE FOR ALL.

GETTING TOGETHER FOR A CLASS ACTION LAWSUIT AGAINST IMPLANTS----GOOD THING.

GETTING TOGETHER FOR A CLASS ACTION LAWSUIT WITH A FAKE CIVIL RIGHTS/JUSTICE LAWYER PLAYER WORKING TO HELP CORPORATIONS SET PRECEDENCE AGAINST FUTURE LEGAL BATTLES FOR OUR 99%-------BAD THING.

This is what I hear IN FEEDBACK on THE NETWORK and I would be sad for those REALLY HARMED for this FAKE JUSTICE pursuit..


Please, look for and find A LAWYER who actually wants to give CIVIL JUSTICE----AND CRIMINAL PRECEDENCE.

This case against HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBOR AND THE GANG is EASY PEASY-------lots of evidence ---easy to prove----so, not a whole lot of LAW FIRM HOURS needed in these cases.

In US today we have an uneven balance of AMBULANCE CHASING FAKE JUSTICE LAWYERS----as we do FAKE PHYSICIAN BARBER SURGEONS. Do the real deal to STOP MOVING FORWARD TRANSHUMANISM.


Surgically Implanted Medical Devices Injury Lawsuit


What Are Surgically Implanted Medical Devices?


Surgically implanted medical devices are man made devices or instruments that surgeons use to replace a missing biological structure inside a patient’s body. 



Some examples of surgically implanted medical devices include:

• Cochlear Implants
• Pacemakers
• Breast implants
• Eye implants
• Transvaginal mesh
• Defibrillators
• Blood clot filters such as IVC filters
• Artificial joints, such as hip replacements and knee implants

What Are the Dangers Associated with Surgically Implanted Medical Devices?


There are many dangers and complications that are associated with surgical implanted medical devices that could lead to injury and even death. If a surgically implanted medical device is defective or is implanted in a wrong way it can cause major complications such as: inflammation, rejection of the implant, blood infection, and infections. Many cannot even recover from a defectively implanted medical device that can lead to long term or lifetime of injuries and body complications. 



What is the Duty of Health Care Facilities when a Medical Device Malfunctions?

Under the Safe Medical Devices Act requires health care facilities to report to the manufacturers such as Stryker any injuries or illnesses in patients or employees caused by the use of the manufacturers’ medical devices such as an IVC filter. If a patient or employee happens to die as a result of the device being used, then the FDA should be contacted as well. This ensures that a manufacturer is aware of the defect. 



Who Is Liable for a Surgical Implanted Medical Device Injury?


If a patient is injured because of a surgically implanted medical device, there may be several  people who are liable for their injuries. Generally, that can include:

• Surgeons;
• Professional associates;
• Hospitals; or
• Manufacturers of surgically implanted medical devices.

The two most common defendants in a lawsuit involving a surgically implanted medical device are the surgeon who performed the operation and the manufacturer of the device.


1) Surgeon Liability
If the surgeon made a mistake during surgery, then the surgeon who performs the operation that implants a medical device is liable under a theory of medical malpractice or negligence.  In order to be successful in a lawsuit against a surgeon, an injured patient has to prove:

1. The surgeon owed them a duty in implanting a medical device,
2. The surgeon did not meet the applicable standard of care when implanting the medical device, and
3. The surgeon’s actions caused the injuries to the patient.

Lawsuits of this type are very difficult. Largely because determining what the standard of care should be for a surgeon is extremely to demonstrate. However, if there is a national standard and steps to the surgery then it can be easier to prove that your surgeon made a mistake.


 
2) Manufacturer Liability


If the product itself was defective after it was planted, the manufacturer of a surgically implanted medical device can be liable to an injured patient under a theory of strict liability for a defective product.

As such, for an injured patient to be successful in a lawsuit against a manufacturer, they must show:

1. The manufacturer engaged in the sale of surgically implanted medical devices;
2. The surgically implanted medical device was in a defective condition which made it unreasonably dangerous;
3. The manufacturer placed the surgically introduced the medical device into the marketplace in its defective condition; and
4. The defective condition of the surgically implanted medical device was the cause of the patient’s injury.

What Are Class Action Lawsuits a Medical Device Injury?


Class action lawsuits, also known as mass tort lawsuits, is a lawsuit that includes hundreds or thousands of injured plaintiffs who were injured by the same device that was defective. Instead of each plaintiff bringing separate lawsuits against the medical device manufacturer, one large lawsuit is brought against the company and a single plaintiff represents all the plaintiffs that have a claim against the company. The compensation of the lawsuit is then equally divided among the plaintiffs injured or brought under the claim. 


What Are the Defenses to a Medical Device Injury Lawsuit?

In a lawsuit against a surgeon or manufacturer for injuries associated with a surgically implanted medical device, several defenses exist. Common defenses include:

• Protection from the Medical Device Amendments of 1967 to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
• Manufacturer was not engaged in the sale of surgically implanted medical devices
• The defect of the surgically implanted medical device was caused by an outside force
• The patient was negligent themselves and did not take the necessary precautions

What Are the Damages for a Medical Device Injury Lawsuit?


If a surgeon or manufacturer is successfully sued for an injury associated with a surgically implanted medical device, and depending on the circumstances, a patient or their family can usually recover the following:

• Damages for physical and emotional pain and suffering
• Loss of earnings
• Loss of earning capacity
• Emotional distress or trauma
• Medical expenses, both present and future
• Wrongful death
• Loss of consortium
• Punitive damages

Do I Need a Personal Injury Lawyer?


If you have been injured because of a surgically implanted medical device, it is highly recommended for you to contact an experienced personal injury attorney who specializes in medical malpractice. Only a lawyer will be able to thoroughly explain any issues, help defend your rights, and assist in getting you any compensation you deserve.
___________________________________



The second category of LAWYERS I hear on THE NETWORK are the GLOBAL CORPORATE LAWYERS pretending to want to HELP those 99% harmed by IMPLANTS ET AL------but, who actually work to promote CORPORATE LEGAL PRECEDENCE for those same corporations. 


THE NETWORK says in FEEDBACK ----HE OWNS HER -------SHE NEEDS TO BE KEPT OUT OF PUBLIC INSTITIONALIZED BECAUSE SHE IS OWNED BY CORPORATIONS TIED TO IMPLANT HER.

We indicated that global banking 1% have LEGAL PRODUCT MARKET applications via mainstream health economics---but, they also have BLACK MARKET TRADE in same products and it is the black market trade profits which are generally HIGHER than mainstream.  So, black market HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG have HACKED and have a business model separate from mainstream BARBER SURGEONS tied to medical institutions. 

EACH ARE WORKING FOR THE SAME GLOBAL BANKING 1% AND MEDICAL CORPORATIONS-----EACH ARE COMMITTING DIFFERENT CRIMES.




'Transhumanism is strongly implicated in this shift in the scope of one’s ‘personhood’. My own sense of identity may be tied to my having begun life as a member of Homo sapiens at a certain time and place'.


US CONGRESS is creating FAKE NEWS AND KABUKI THEATER over PERSONHOOD and TRANS RIGHTS -----all pretending to be civil rights for the 99% of WE THE TRANS-------not TRANSEXUAL----TRANSHUMAN.   Congress and global banking via UNITED NATIONS and WORLD BANK/WORLD HEALTH as even created a CONSTITUTION surrounding the rights of global corporations to MAKE HUMANS INTO IMPLANTED MACHINES.  It is not the right of HUMANS to fight and protect themselves against this---it is not the right of HUMANS to seek JUSTICE IN COURT when CAPTURED AND MADE IMPLANTED without consent or knowledge----

THESE CONSTITUTIONS FOR TRANSHUMANISM PROTECTS THE GLOBAL CORPORATIONS INSTALLING IMPLANTS AND CONTROLLING THAT ONCE NATURAL HUMAN.

THE NETWORK with HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG want to make clear I am IMPLANTED---I am a MACHINE and they CONTROL ME.



'As I see it, Steve Fuller is arguably going to extents that some may deem controversial (e.g., his endorsement of some type of Intelligent Design, his backing up of transhumanism, his gradual “coming out” as a Catholic) due to one main reason: A deep preoccupation with the future of humanity vis-à-vis pervasively disrupting emerging technologies'.

GANGSTER HOSTING NOSY NEIGHBOR does not OWN ME------the institutions tied to IMPLANTING ME think they OWN ME.  That would be those institutions tied to

ALL THOSE IMPLANT STUDIES-----ALL THOSE ROUTINE SURGERIES ENDING WITH UNKNOWN IMPLANTING.

There is NOT FUTURE OF CAPITALISM in TRANSHUMANISM------the goal of TRANSHUMANISM is far-right brutal GLOBAL CORPORATE MARXISM-----where only the .00014 of global 1% are involved in 'CAPITALISM'---NEO-LIBERALISM.



Transhumanism and the future of capitalism: The next meaning of life


Although there is no single definition of ‘transhumanism’, the term broadly relates to the idea that the human species should radically transform itself as it has the physical environment through the use of advanced technology. Steve Fuller writes on the link between transhumanism and capitalism, and elaborates on what it would mean to be a person in such a world.



Capitalism is not normally seen as an especially ‘humanistic’ ideology. Yet central to the legal innovations that enabled the rise of capitalism in the early modern West was a doctrine of the person as a being who is free to exchange goods and services. In the eighteenth century, this freedom was characterised as an ‘inalienable right’, which is to say, not transferable to another either by choice or under duress.



Thus, a strong normative distinction between people and property was institutionalised, which had not existed in slave or feudal societies. The sting of the Marxist critique of capitalism comes from observing that this distinction is not upheld in practice. Instead a supposedly inalienable right of the person becomes a site for exploitation, as asymmetrical power relations in the marketplace reduces human labour to inhuman capital inputs.



Transhumanism challenges the sense of humanity’s ontological stability shared by capitalists and socialists – which has rendered exploitation such a normatively charged issue in the modern era. To be sure, over the past 150 years the potential for exploitation has been mitigated by laws that circumscribe and regulate the role of work in life:

While one may need to sell one’s labour to make a living, the buyer doesn’t have unconditional control over the seller’s life. In this context, welfare state legislation has operated as a safeguard against the realisation of Marx’s worst fears.



However, whatever sense of humanism has been presumed by such policies is being gradually eroded by the information-based mode of production that characterises what Jean-Francois Lyotard originally called the ‘postmodern condition’. In particular, as computers mediate both the work and non-work aspects of life, many of the phenomenological markers that created distance between the ‘worlds’ of work and non-work are rapidly disappearing.



An obvious case in point is the idea of ‘working from home’. People who operate this way typically shift back and forth between performing work and non-work activities on screen in an open-ended and relatively unstructured day. Meanwhile, all the data registered in these activities are gathered by information providers (e.g. Google, Facebook, Amazon), who then analyse and consolidate them for resale to private and public sector clients.



Is this exploitation?

The answer is not so clear. The information providers offer a platform that is free at the point of use, enabling users to produce and consume data indefinitely. Of course, such platforms are the source of both intense frustration and endless satisfaction for users, but the phenomenology of these experiences is not necessarily what one might expect of people in a state of ‘exploitation’. On the contrary, there is reason to think that people increasingly locate ‘meaning’ in their lives in some cyber-projection (‘avatar’) of themselves, notwithstanding the third-party ownership of the platform hosting the cyber-projection.



Transhumanism is strongly implicated in this shift in the scope of one’s ‘personhood’.

My own sense of identity may be tied to my having begun life as a member of Homo sapiens at a certain time and place. But that is largely a modern narrative convention, which is tied to what John Locke originally dubbed a ‘forensic’ sense of the person, which is enshrined in modern law – namely, the physical source of an action for whose effects the source is then accountable. Of course, there is scope for this individual to both extend and transfer his or her powers. Thus, the modern period has witnessed an expansion in the remit of corporate law and inheritance law. However, transhumanism takes the process of ‘extending’ and ‘transferring’ the powers of the person to a new level.



On the one hand, in the case of extension, the person might incorporate genetically or prosthetically, with the intent of conferring new powers on the original physical individual, as opposed to simply merging the interests of that individual with those of other individuals in the sorts of business arrangements we normally call ‘corporations’. On the other hand, in the case of transfer, the person might do more than simply bequeath various assets to already existing individuals and institutions – say, in a will which comes into force upon one’s death. Rather, the person might in his or her own lifetime invest energy and income in support of virtual agents, ‘second lives’, with the effect of turning one’s physical self into a platform for launching the more meaningful cyber-selves.



The state of humanity in such a state of transhumanised capitalism – ‘Capitalism 2.0’, if you will – is one of morphological freedom, as transhumanists themselves put it: It is the freedom not only to do what you want but also to be what you want.

It is worth observing that this sense of freedom violates a key metaphysical assumption shared by liberals and socialists, namely, that humans are rough natural equals, not in the sense that everyone is naturally the same but that everyone has roughly the same mix of assets and liabilities, which in turn justifies a harmonious division of labour in society. The violation of this assumption implies that whatever problems of social justice relating to material inequality have emerged over the history of capitalism are potentially amplified by transhumanism, as the prospect of morphological freedom explodes stopgap liberal intuitions about the ‘natural equality’ of humans.



A reading course on what the ‘meaning of life’ might look like in such a world would do well to focus on the work of Robert Nozick and Derek Parfit, both of whom in somewhat different ways stretched philosophical thinking about the conditions for personal identity to capture the transhumanist prospects suggested above.



Steve Fuller recently gave a wide-ranging talk on ‘Transhumanism and the Future of Capitalism’ to the University of Birmingham’s Centre for Contemporary Philosophy of Technology, the video for which is here.

Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy, nor of the London School of Economics. Featured image credit: Michael Coghlan (CC BY-SA 2.0)


_____________________________________________


CORPORATE ARM OF LEGAL PRECEDENCE PRETENDING TO BE POPULIST WHILE MAKING THAT HUMAN WITH IMPLANTS OWNED BY SOURCE OF IMPLANTATION.

Below we see just that------CIVIL RIGHTS OF 21ST CENTURY as written by UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS AND CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY-----the right of global corporations to FORCE HUMANS to become IMPLANTED.

NO-------STEVE FULLER IS NOT RELIGIOUS---CATHOLIC----STEVE FULLER IS LIKELY AN ATHEIST OR SATANIST-----ALL RELIGIOUS GROUPS HAVE STEVE FULLERS.


'Steve Fuller recently gave a wide-ranging talk on ‘Transhumanism

.........his endorsement of some type of Intelligent Design, his backing up of transhumanism, his gradual “coming out” as a Catholic) '

I have spoken over this year of 2019 and being HIT-----TURNED ON to the fact I was IMPLANTED and being illegal surveilled that the ACT OF BEING HIT has been happening these few decades and it is THE NORM today------someone in THE NETWORK can arbitrarily decide to HIT anyone else.  Being HIT leads to being IMPLANTED and cascades into more and more IMPLANT applications.  NOW, the AFFORDABLE CARE ACT is telling us EVIDENCE-BASED SCIENCE all tied to developing TELEMEDICINE AND IMPLANTS can be FORCED on a patient promoted by MEDICAL HEALTH INSURANCE procedure guidelines and payments.

'the Immortality Bus, whose mission is to spread radical science and promote transhumanist rights'.



THE IMMORTALITY BUS is an OXYMORON-------99% WE THE PEOPLE are heading for the degrading of longevity because of SICKO HARM FROM IMPLANTS.  The HOSTING SERVER AND NOSY NEIGHBORS tied to MEDICAL IMPLANTS love to say -------

WE DO NOT IMPLANT   'US'---WE IMPLANT   'THEM'

Below we see the national FAKE NEWS headlines we have seen over these few decades ------LIFE EXPECTANCY IN DECLINE AND GETTING WORSE.  Below that WORLD BANK says the opposite----30 years has brought higher life expectancy--

THAT WOULD BE FAKE NEW BUT WORLD BANK SAYS THAT TO JUSTIFY IMPLANTING PEOPLE.



Health & Science

U.S. life expectancy declines for the first time since 1993
By Lenny Bernstein
December 8, 2016




'at least in the last 30 years, according to the World Bank--that science and technology have been making lives longer and better for virtually everyone on the planet'.


HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS say------WE ARE GOING TO TAKE ALL HER MONEY AWAY TO INSTITUTIONALIZE HER.

Oh, REALLY???




Opinion
Transhumanist Rights Are the Civil Rights of the 21st Century


Zoltan Istvan
On 4/30/16 at 6:01 AM EDT

Some transhumanists want to become new biological species, and others want to become machines.



CuriosityStream/ YouTube




Maitreya One, a black futurist and hip-hop artist living in Harlem, steps off the Greyhound bus on a warm morning in Montgomery, Alabama. Wearing sunglasses and a backwards-facing baseball hat, he eyes the film crew covering his arrival. I walk up to him and give him a hug. I'm excited he's here.



Maitreya is a civil rights link from the past to the future—and one of the few African-American transhumanists I know. He is stepping off one bus in Montgomery—whose roots are tied to the spectacular Freedom Riders who challenged segregation laws in the early 1960s—and onto another: the Immortality Bus, whose mission is to spread radical science and promote transhumanist rights.



Like others in the burgeoning transhumanism movement, Maitreya supports becoming a cyborg in the future, and he knows the coming controversy over such aims may end up as challenging as the civil rights era battles over racism.



To transhumanists--some who want to become new biological species and others who want to become machines—a new civil rights age is looming. We can already see the start of it with numerous calls for a research moratorium on human genome editing—a scientific feat that took place in China in 2015.

But there are many more difficult questions beyond directly modifying the biology of the human being. Should humans be able to marry robots? Should sophisticated artificial intelligences be given personhood? And are crimes committed in virtual reality punishable by jail time? The questions are endless.


Navigating the future of transhumanism is indeed thorny. And even though a lot has changed and improved in the 55 years since black and white Freedom Riders risked their lives—arriving in Alabama in buses to challenge Jim Crow segregation practices—bigotry, traditionalism, and closed-mindedness is alive and well. And this conservatism may hold us back.



"We need morphological freedom—the right to do with your body whatever you want, so long as it doesn't hurt anyone," Maitreya says. "We need real policies of justice that serve everyone and do not discriminate against new ideas."



On the Immortality Bus, we head to downtown Montgomery to the Freedom Riders Greyhound station, which is now a museum. Outside are photos plastered to the building where white Southerners (some who belonged to the Ku Klux Klan) once attacked bus riders who wouldn't segregate on buses or in bus terminals.


I ask if Maitreya thinks the future of transhumanist civil rights might become as violent as this.


"I hope not," he answers. "I hope this was just a bad period of history in America. I can't even believe all this happened because white and black people wanted to sit next to one another. It's ridiculous."



I agree with him, but I'm skeptical whether future civil rights won't also have its share of violence as the world progresses forward. While my travels in the South as a pro-technology and non-religious U.S. presidential candidate have been met with kindness and curiosity, it's also been easy to quickly turn off people.


As soon as I tell people I have a chip implant in my hand, opinions of my campaign seem to quickly change. Religious people dislike any type of technology that brings ups questions of Revelations in the Bible or the Mark of the Beast. Implants, a classic transhumanist technology, seems to provoke just those exact ideas.

Maitreya One inside the Freedom Rides Museum. Roen Horn


Unfortunately, everything transhumanists are trying to accomplish—from conquering death with science, to merging with machines, to becoming as powerful as possible via technology—conflict somewhat with biblical scripture and conservatism. The word transhuman means "beyond human" and that's what most transhumanists are striving towards. Naturally, that is going to rub the wrong way on many people who believe in the sanctity of the natural human body and traditional human experience.



Like any new potentially society-changing movement, transhumanism has its work cut out for it with future civil rights. The concept of personhood used to be a simple one, but with artificial intelligence and robots that can already nanny our children and cook dinners, we will soon see a time when courts must decide how far to take these ideas.



For example, if an intelligent robot makes money, should it be taxed? Or will all robots fall under a nonprofit entity status? Robots like this will likely arrive in households and the workforce before 2025, so we're not talking some distance future, but something only years away.



In the biology realm, the issues are already here. Cloning is banned in many states. And stem cells derived from fetuses—a classic transhumanist pursuit—is frowned upon by many.

Cryonics is illegal in some places in the world. The LGBT movement—which many transhumanists strongly support—will also be affected as gender reassignment surgery becomes an easy procedure. Many transhumanists, including myself, believe we'll eventually arrive to a genderless world, made possible via science. Perhaps even more controversial, artificial wombs will challenge maternity, and also upturn abortion clashes. All this, besides the fact that men will soon be able to have babies themselves with uterus transplant surgery.



The coming conflict of advancing technology vs. human rights is a massive one. Already, we've seen some initial banning of Google Glass in public places, which I suspect made Google not push hard for the success of that product. Additionally, the U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH) recently reaffirmed its ban on gene editing of embryos. And laws of virtual persons are being discussed and applied to Second Life and similar places.



Easily, the biggest transhumanist issue in the future is robots taking jobs. Even South Korea has already replaced some prison guards with robotic guards. And some hotels now use robots, as well as Lowes, the home improvement giant. All these issues fall under the umbrella of transhumanist civil rights—and nothing in the young field is simple or for certain.



Some anti-tech naysayers and luddites are screaming to slow down technology before it gets out of control. Others, like myself, believe technology will only help the planet. History shows--at least in the last 30 years, according to the World Bank--that science and technology have been making lives longer and better for virtually everyone on the planet.


Despite my optimism, I still understand the need to tread carefully. We are in new territory, and endless amounts of discussion must reach the highest levels to find the best path. Unfortunately, even during the 2016 presidential cycle, virtually no politicians are discussing some of the most pertinent issues at hand, like designer babies, or A.I. controlling nuclear arms, or whether 3D printing of guns and bombs is legal and should be encouraged.



As a transhumanist U.S. presidential candidate, these issues are my main focus. In fact, the main goal of the Immortality Bus is to spread a newly written Transhumanist Bill of Rights that covers many of these issues. But as a third party candidate with virtually no chance of winning, much of it falls on closed ears.



It's my hope, though, that through the music of people like Maitreya One or other initiatives of transhumanists, that more and more people will start to discuss the future—before it arrives and slams into us. That way, we might be able to avoid confrontation by understanding the possibilities before the next new civil rights battles emerge.



Zoltan Istvan is a futurist and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate of the Transhumanist Party. His essays have appeared in NationalGeographic.com, Vice, Slate, TechCrunch and many other publications.

__________________________________________

What I am hearing on THE NETWORK from HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AS BARBER SURGEONS is this:

WE HAVE MADE BILLIONS SELLING 'HER' -----

This can mean a few things---they have sold me as PORN----they have sold me as 24/7 ILLEGAL STREAMING VIDEO to corporations-----

This can mean they are selling MY MEDICAL DATA----MY ACTUAL BODY VIA BLOOD SAMPLES for DNA-----

This can mean someone going for a GYN who is implanted can have STEM CELLS harvested without the patient knowing.

I feel pretty sure almost all of the above has occurred in my case.

Does the LAB TESTING corporation have a right to SELL that BLOOD SAMPLE after using only a SMALL AMOUNT -----someone may have requested that DNA.


'However, for others, the consequences of being unable to own your body, parts of it or its products can lead to very undesirable results'.



The article below deals with OWNERSHIP of EGG AND SPERM and came about during FERTILITY CLINICS AND BANKS where a DONOR gives up those rights to ownership of BODY PART---that egg or sperm. 

We had over these few decades legal precedence of NATIVE AMERICAN FAMILIES reclaiming the SKELETONS of discovered remnents from museums and medical institutions---courts said families have rights to claim family remains.

What HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG are being paid to do for global banking 1% is to END any legal standing of HUMANS HAVING PROPERTY RIGHTS to their own bodies.  This is why NOSY NEIGHBORS always say----SHE IS A SLAVE ---WE OWN HER.  This is why CORPORATE LAWYERS would want to take MY CASE to court and LOSE-----setting precedence against MY RIGHTS TO OWN MY OWN BODY AND PARTS.

TODAY, SETTING PRECEDENCE FOR GLOBAL CORPORATIONS TO OWN A HUMAN MADE TRANSHUMAN IS MOVING FORWARD AS FAST AS HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG CAN MAKE IT SOUND AS THOUGH SLAVERY IS BACK IN US.

The fastest way for global corporations tied to making our US 99% WE THE PEOPLE completely TRANSHUMAN is to bring back

SLAVERY------THOSE GLOBAL CORPORATION OWN US---WE ARE CHATTEL.

DARK AGES said NO WAY ---you don't have any rights to your body----but 300 years of AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT I AM MAN---especially this past century gave TONS of legal precedents saying WE DO HAVE RIGHTS TO OUR BODY AND PARTS.



Property Rights in the Human Body
Published by belawyer at July 12, 2013


Categories
Tags



Do you own your own body?

A question you may never have considered as the obvious answer would be:



‘yes, of course I do.’

Well, in law, the position is counter-intuitive. The default rule is that there are no property rights in the human body; this is well established in the law of the UK and further afield. Most people live quite happily without ever having to consider the implications of this. However, for others, the consequences of being unable to own your body, parts of it or its products can lead to very undesirable results.


Do you own your own body?


A question you may never have considered as the obvious answer would be:

‘yes, of course I do.’

The human body is subject to constant and increasingly complex developments in science and medicine. These bring with them new questions of law and the courts can find themselves confronted with the task deciding how to handle new medical developments.

Do they continue to apply the same body of rules that were founded decades before doctors performed the first successful organ transplant?


Or do they adapt the regime to better cater for the realities of modern day medicine and technology?



Reproductive technology has undergone very significant developments with the ever increasing capability of science to overcome a couple or an individual’s inability to conceive naturally. One recent leap forward in this field is the development of three-person IVF, which allows scientists to create an embryo from the cells of three people. An embryo used in any IVF process exists in vitro, meaning it is formed outside of the body and can be kept for a specific period of time, which is defined by statute.



Because of its independent existence, legal questions have arisen regarding control of an embryo and its usage rights, which would normally belong to the person who owned it.



However, because such ownership is prohibited, the law has sidestepped the need to deal with the question of property and, instead, has dealt with embryos and their use under the umbrella of consent.

THE ISSUES OF IMPLANTING ARE ALSO TIED TO CONSENT-----THAT CONSENT DOES NOT PRECLUDE OWNERSHIP OF ONE'S OWN BODY.



This article considers whether the current framework of consent is satisfactory or whether it is preferable to extend the law of property to parts of the human body and, specifically, to reproductive material. However, it is first necessary to consider the existing legal landscape regarding the status of the human body.



The current state of the law


The question of what legal interests a person might have in their own body can arise in a multitude of different situations, in addition to those in the sphere of reproduction. For example, when considering whether it is possible to sell parts of one’s own body or whether research institutions can be granted intellectual property rights over cells and DNA.


The law in the UK, and in other jurisdictions, has not developed a consistent approach to establishing the legal status of the human body. The general prohibition against property rights in the human body originated in the context of corpses, but was extended over the centuries. Cases such as R v Bentham [2005] 1 WLR 1057 confirm living bodies are also included. In this peculiar case, the defendant committed a robbery giving the impression that his hand, which was concealed in his jacket, was a gun. He was charged with possession of an imitation firearm, but because he could not be said to be in possession of a part of his own body, the conviction was overturned by the House of Lords.


The law in the UK…has not developed a consistent approach to establishing the legal status of the human body

An exception to this rigid prohibition emerged at the turn of the nineteenth century with the Australian case of Doodeward v Spence (1908) 6 CLR 496. This concerned a dispute over a two-headed foetus, which had been preserved and bought for an exhibition. The court held that it could be distinguished from a corpse because of the lawful exercise of work and skill that had been rendered to the foetus in order to preserve it. This allowed a property right to vest in the person who performed the procedure and it entitled them to keep the material in their possession.


 This rule was confirmed in R v Kelly [1999] 2 WLR 384 where it was held that parts of a human corpse could be property for the purposes of the Theft Act 1968 if they had acquired different attributes by the process of preservation or dissection.



As science and medicine have developed, so too has the breadth of this exception and cases concerning intellectual property rights over the human body are illustrative of the unsatisfactory predicament that the law finds itself in. In the American case of Moore v Regents of the University of California 793 P 2d 479 (Cal 1990), Mr Moore was a sufferer of the rare hairy cell leukaemia and he brought an action against researchers from a university who had taken a sample of cells from his spleen and, from this, had created the MO cell line (aptly named after Mr Moore).



They obtained a patent over the MO cell line, which they sold to a drug company for $15,000,000. Mr Moore claimed his property had been converted and, therefore, he was entitled to a share of the proceeds. However, it was held that Mr Moore’s spleen was not his property so, while he could claim for breach of fiduciary duty and a lack of informed consent, he could not claim for the consequences of the conversion. It was the researchers who were held to own the cell line over which they had been granted a patent because of their application of skill to Mr Moore’s original cells.[1]



So to summarise so far, the law has us in the following rather unsatisfactory situation: I do not have a property right in my own body, but another person has the ability to generate a property right in products from my body.


One of the primary arguments for not allowing ownership of the human body is the risk of exploitation. That is, by recognising such a right we may find ourselves on the slippery slope back to slavery and other such sordid practices from our past that we would rather forget. There is a problem with this argument though. We are left in a position where we cannot exploit ourselves. So, I cannot sell my organs to bring myself out of poverty, for example, but others can exploit me by making parts of my body their own (and in some cases, make a fortune out of doing so!).


Such was the position until the case of Yearworth v North Bristol NHS Trust [2009] 3 WLR 118 where the Court of Appeal recognised a property right belonging to the claimants over their own sperm. This is clearly a leap forward towards embracing a property-based model, although its value is debatable. We will return to this case more fully after examining the particular legal position of embryos.


Embryos


An embryo is unique in that it is not a product of the human body, but a product of two people’s bodies and now, possibly three.


An embryo is formed when the male sperm cell and female egg cell fuse together during fertilisation. In a normal IVF procedure, the embryo is created in vitro (outside of the body) and is then transplanted into the woman, but recent advances in science have paved the way for a third person to be included in the process.


Mitochondria are organelles found inside cells which generate its supply of energy and control its metabolism. Abnormalities with the mitochondria can cause a range of diseases and conditions as a result of the body’s cells being unable to function properly. Mitochondria are contained in the mother’s egg cell, not the father’s sperm, so to prevent a woman passing on her defective mitochondria to her baby, scientists have developed methods to transfer her genetic material into a healthy donor egg.


Under the current law, an embryo falls under the regulation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (HEFA) as amended by HEFA 2008 and, as mentioned previously, this legislation deals with the control and use of the embryos under the umbrella of consent rather than property. Schedule 3 of the Act sets out the requirements of valid consent that each party contributing gametes to the embryo must give for its use and storage.


Is an embryo close enough in nature to gametes that it could be extended to recognising a property right over an embryo?

The consent based system effectively gives each party a veto over the use of the embryo, but does not give them a positive right to dictate the terms of its use. While it appears to neatly sidestep the need to address the question of ownership, the case of Evans and others v Amicus Healthcare [2003] EWHC 261 demonstrates how a system based on mutual consent between parties is less than satisfactory because it opens itself up to stalemate should any conflict arise.



Ms Evans intended to undergo IVF treatment with her partner, but while the embryos were in storage, the couple separated and her partner withdrew his consent to the storage and use of the embryos. The Court of Appeal rejected Ms Evans’ application for an injunction that required her partner to restore his consent to storage and use so she could lawfully have the embryos transferred.



The consent originally given referred to treatment of the patients ‘together’ with a partner and it was held that such treatment was not possible with consent from one party only. Ms Evans continued to fight her case up to the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights, with the argument that the UK legislation violated her Article 8, 12 and 14 Convention rights, but these arguments also failed.



This is clearly an unsatisfactory situation for three key reasons: the woman wishing to be pregnant has been denied her chance of motherhood, the embryos have been destroyed and a considerable amount of money has been wasted. These risks would arguably only be intensified by the involvement of a third party, but this problem could be mitigated if the law gave one party a right to control the embryo. Consequently, it would also afford greater protection to an embryo, which is a important argument for those who believe that they ought to be considered a human life.



So would the Yearworth decision be able to help here?

Is an embryo close enough in nature to gametes that it could be extended to recognising a property right over an embryo?



The Yearworth decision and its legacy

In this case, six men who had been diagnosed with cancer were advised that their fertility would likely be affected during the chemotherapy treatment they were due to undertake and the hospital offered to freeze samples of their sperm for use at a later date. Each man had their sperm stored in this way for an agreed ten year period. However, before it could be used, the freezer broke down and the samples were destroyed.



The men brought three arguments before the Court of Appeal. First, that they suffered personal injuries caused by negligence on the part of the hospital. Second, that they suffered damage to property because of negligence. Third, that they suffered loss resulting from the hospital’s breach of bailment conditions. The hospital contended that while they had owed a duty to take reasonable care of the sperm and had failed to do so, they were not liable because the claimants could not recover for either personal injury or damage to property in negligence because the destruction of the sperm was not damage to their ‘person’.


The court rejected the claimant’s personal injury argument, but did allow the other grounds of appeal holding that the men did have ownership of their own sperm and could therefore sue the hospital for damages for their negligent destruction of it.



Case comment

This decision is positive for the primary reason that it recognises that parts of the human body may be subject to property rights outside of the Doodeward exception of the application of labour or skill. However, the decision does not definitively pave the way for a more general extension of property rights in the human body.


Additionally, legal recognition of ownership over embryos would require a decision on who the ownership right would belong to.

Yearworth has been criticised for jumping to find a property right over the sperm without identifying an underlying principle upon which this right is founded. Without a firm justification for finding the property right, the court took something of a leap into the unknown and this lacking foundation arguably makes Yearworth an undesirable precedent.[2] Importantly, we are left wondering whether the property paradigm has been extended to gametes only or whether it can rolled out to other reproductive bodily materials or more widely to non-reproductive organs and tissues.



Additionally, legal recognition of ownership over embryos would require a decision on who the ownership right would belong to. There is justification for it vesting it in the woman undergoing treatment because of the fact that the reproductive process is not as burdensome on a man as it is on a woman. Biologically, a man’s role is limited to the act of fertilisation and from that moment onwards, the woman bears the burden of gestation through to labour and child birth. Conferring ownership of the embryo to the woman could go some way to address this imbalance.



Conclusion


To conclude, the legal status of the human body and its parts and products is less than ideal. While in some ways the Yearworth decision was a step in the right direction in terms of recognising property rights in the body, the gaps left by the Court of Appeal have denied us a clear authority on which to base a doctrinal change in the body’s legal status.



Yet the existing uncertainties and contradictions inherent in the current legal landscape are in need of clarification and change. The time may not be right yet and perhaps the courts alone should not be faced with the burden, but as science and medicine continue to progress the law must ensure that it is able to progress with them.

• Tab title

[1] For a full account of this case and judicial treatment of it in America, see Radhika Rao, ‘Genes and Spleens: Property, Contract, or Privacy Rights in the Human Body?’ American Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 341 (Fall 2007)



[2] For a full account of this  argument, see Shawn H.E Harmon and Graeme T. Laurie, ‘Yearworth v North Bristol NHS Trust: Property, Principles, Precedents and Paradigms’ Cambridge Law Journal 69 (3) 2010

'The 25 officers of the Baltimore Central Regional Tactical Unit face 236 counts, including conspiracy to promote and maintain a criminal organization by unlawful means, participation and conspiracy to participate in a criminal gang, first and second-degree assault, conspiracy to commit misconduct in office, and other related charges'



Here in Baltimore we have been having a US FEDERAL JUSTICE investigation of UMMS-----and our MARYLAND CRIMINAL JUSTICE/JAIL system because it has these few decades of CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA been completely DEREGULATED----absolutely no oversight and accountability and like HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG these 'security' gangsters are operating OPENLY in each community in Baltimore as HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG illegal surveillance and 24/7 VIDEO PORN making money-----grabbing POWER-----being BRUTAL FOR CONTROL of community citizens and assets.


These 'SECURITY' officers rotate in these criminal justice structures and into the COMMUNITIES doing the same in both places.


STANFORD TOTAL PRISON MODEL HAS MY LIVING SPACE LOOKING JUST LIKE A MARYLAND PRISON/JAIL.



REMEMBER, the goal of MOVING FORWARD is to end BRICK AND MORTAR JAILS/PRISONS and install the CHINESE MAOIST SOCIAL CREDIT SCORE with HITTING and 24/7 surveillance WANT IT OR NOT.


Baltimore uses these FALSE FLAGS to create the idea that MOSBY as prosecutor is doing this for CIVIL RIGHTS ----when she IGNORES completely my case of HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG------SAME PEOPLE as those 25 Baltimore correction officers.

THIS FEDERAL INVESTIGATION AND CRIMINAL CHARGES WILL BE USED IN MY LAWSUIT AS HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG ARE THE SAME PEOPLE AS THESE 25 CORRECTIONS OFFICERS.

This is how I kept bringing my CASE back to SECURITY/POLICE ORGANIZED CRIME.

25 Baltimore corrections officers indicted for allegedly leading a 'criminal enterprise' and using excessive force
Madeline Holcombe
By Madeline Holcombe and Rebekah Riess, CNN
Updated 4:48 AM ET, Wed December 4, 2019



Baltimore City State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby, right, speaks during a news conference announcing the indictment of 25 corrections officers.


Baltimore City State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby, right, speaks during a news conference announcing the indictment of 25 corrections officers.


(CNN)More than two dozen Baltimore corrections officers have been indicted on charges related to using excessive force toward and intimidating detainees, officials announced Tuesday.



The 25 officers of the Baltimore Central Regional Tactical Unit face 236 counts, including conspiracy to promote and maintain a criminal organization by unlawful means, participation and conspiracy to participate in a criminal gang, first and second-degree assault, conspiracy to commit misconduct in office, and other related charges, Baltimore City State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby told reporters during a news conference.



"If you break the law and you break the trust the public has placed within you, you will face the consequences," Mosby said.


HMMMMM, WHO IS HITTING ME?


The indictments stem from a long-term investigation, led by the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, into allegations of excessive force toward and intimidation of inmates in state-run pre-trial facilities, Mosby said.



Investigators discovered that the officers were operating a "criminal enterprise" and their actions are alleged to have included violent assaults, tampering with and destroying evidence and falsifying official public documents to maintain dominance and shield its members from law enforcement, Mosby said.



"We are again making clear that we have absolutely no tolerance whatsoever for corruption of any kind in our state prison system or anywhere else in state government," Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan said in a statement. "Our correctional officers have one of the most difficult jobs in all of public safety, and we will not let the criminal behavior of the few tarnish the great work of the nearly 5,000 dedicated officers who serve with distinction every single day."

_________________________________________

With that headline we will return to discussing BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS tied to 5G low-orbit PHASE ARRAYS filling our atmosphere with deadly radiation and chemtrails with micro-----alloy metals all to capture and transmit radiation to the ground.

IT WILL TAKE FORCING OUR US 99% WE THE PEOPLE INTO THESE TRANSHUMANIST BODY STRUCTURE AND THAT IS WHAT HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS ARE DOING. 

GLOBAL PRIVATE MILITARY TELEMEDICINE FOR ALL.

If we imagine what brutality existed in Maryland's jail system it is easy peasy to see what STANFORD TOTAL PRISON MODEL will look like when SMART CITIES with SMART HOUSES puts all 99% WE THE PEOPLE into these same JAIL/PRISON conditions.

NOSY NEIGHBORS SAYING---SHE CANNOT COME OUT----WE OWN HER---WE ARE MAKING MONEY FROM HER BY USING HER-------quite the same.

HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS as BARBER SURGEONS illegally implanting our US 99% over these few decades causing SICKO gateway medicine ----now need BLOOD LAB TESTS for HEAVY METALS  like TITANIUM.


Natural TITANIUM is different than TITANIUM ALLOYS found in IMPLANTS and found in CHEMTRAILS-----so, a lab test looking for NATURAL TITANIUM would not necessarily show in CURRENT BLOOD LAB TESTS.


'Metals in Orthopedic Use | Titanium and Stainless Steel ...www.siiora.com/blog/metals-in-orthopedic-use Mar 19, 2019 ·



Ti6A14V ELI is often used for making orthopedic implants. Commercially pure titanium isn’t a single chemical element however is alloyed by a level of oxygen dissolved into the metal. It also has traces of nitrogen, iron, hydrogen and carbon'.

A BLOOD LAB TEST for IMPLANT TOXICITY would look for Ti 6A14V-----a TITANIUM ALUMINUM alloy.  These implants started with the above but current implants are using a few other titanium alloys-----

The BLOOD LAB TEST below may give results saying NATURAL TITANIUM exposure is WITHIN NORMAL RANGE----very low.  A BLOOD TEST for TITANIUM ALLOY METALS filling the HUMAN BODY via IMPLANTS and LOW-ORBIT PHASE ARRAYS and chemtrails would be detected while being DANGEROUSLY HIGH.

Titanium
$199
$355

Titanium is an element that is used to make alloys with aluminum, iron and other elements producing an extremely lightweight and strong material used in manufacturing of many modern products from airplanes to orthopedic implants. Titanium is not naturally occurring in the human body and can cause serious problems in large doses.


A blood test for titanium measures the amount of titanium in the blood typically associated with industrial exposure or medical procedures.



Specifically titanium ( along with chromium and /or cobalt) are often used in artificial joints. They may corrode when they come in contact with body fluids, and when their surfaces dissolves the metals can enter into the bodys circulation. These three can also combine with the proteins in the body which can result in an allergic immune condition such as a skin rash. The problem is that when two dissimilar metals come into contact they can release metal alloy in the bloodstream. So when these three metals are used in joint replacement, they may react to each other.



Reviewed By: Dr. Kurt Kloss, MD
Last Reviewed Date: Oct 24, 2019






Titanium, Whole BloodTEST:

792620
Test number copied

CPT: 83018
 Include LOINC® in print

Expected Turnaround Time3 - 7 days



Turnaround time is defined as the usual number of days from the date of pickup of a specimen for testing to when the result is released to the ordering provider. In some cases, additional time should be allowed for additional confirmatory or additional reflex tests. Testing schedules may vary.

Related Documents

• Sample Report

Specimen Requirements
SpecimenWhole blood

Volume2 mL

Minimum Volume0.5 mL

ContainerRoyal blue-top (EDTA) metal-free tube

Storage InstructionsSubmission/transport (<3 days): Room temperature. For storage beyond 3 days, specimen should be refrigerated or frozen. Stability: Room temperature: 7 days; Refrigerated: 56 days; Frozen: 94 days

Test Details
Use

Evaluate exposure to titanium

MethodologyInductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS)


_______________________________________________


Here we the ANIMAL/RAT medical testing for those IMPLANT DEVICES only in 1999-------by 2000 these implants studies were going wild.  This is a BASELINE STUDY which said----

WE SEE NO DAMAGE IN RATS.

So, as of 2000 BUSH ERA all US 99% WE THE PEOPLE became the ANIMAL RESEARCH STUDY for what we already knew would be DEVASTATING on HUMAN BODY/BRAIN.


   
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE: MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 10 (1999) 847±851



Titanium levels in rats implanted with Ti6Al4V



treated samples in the absence of wear
D. RODRIÂGUEZ, F .J. GIL, J. A. PLANELL



Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, CREB, Universitat
PoliteÁcnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
E-mail: Rodriguez@cmem.upc.es
E. JORGE, L. ALVAREZ, R. GARCIÂA
Experimental Surgery Service, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
M. LARREA
Department of Spectrophotometry, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
A. ZAPATA
Department of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain




The effect of implantation time and implant nitriding on titanium ion concentration in several
tissues of rats carrying Ti6Al4V implants was studied by means of inductively coupled
plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Histological studies were also performed in order to
check for tissue degeneration due to the Ti6Al4V implantation. The animals were divided into
four groups: one received Ti6Al4V implants, the second received nitrided Ti6Al4V implants,
the third group received nitrided and descaled Ti6Al4V implants and the last one was the
control group. Half the animals of the implanted groups received the Ti6Al4V implant for 30
days, while the other half received the implant for 120 days. Spleen, muscle, kidney, lung,
brain and bone samples were retrieved from these rats as well as the control group. Ion
concentration measures did not show signi®cant differences between control and implanted
rats for the studied period of time, although histological studies showed minor differences,
especially on liver tissue samples.


WOW----THIS RESEARCH PROVED BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS WERE SAFE INSIDE BODY FOR 30-----120 DAYS-----HMMMM, HOW MANY YEARS FOR YOU!



4. Discussion and conclusions


The tissues samples examined with ICP-MS did not show
evidence of systemic accumulation of titanium ions due
to implantation of a Ti6A14V sample. The values
obtained are consistent with those of literature, considering
the different animal models and exposed surface/
weight ratio. The main differences observed were found
when control groups were compared to implanted rats,
although these slight variations are probably due to the
implantation process. These results are valid for both
treated and untreated Ti6A14V implants.

_________________________________________

The medical research these few decades acknowledges the need to separate and identify the sources of metals like TITANIUM in implants---in low-orbit arrays---as opposed to naturally occurring. 

EVERYONE KNOWS TOXICITY IS FAR WORSE IN ALLOYS THAN NATURALLY OCCURRING TITANIUM.

Below we see ONE study making clear this ALLOY of TITANIUM is NOT PURE TITANIUM.  Look at the bottom of this reasearch article to see DATA FOR PURE TITANIUM says it is not DAMAGING TO BODY----that is NOT of what BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS are made.  PURE TITANIUM is NOT what our bodies are breathing or eating from CHEMTRAILS.  There are no BLOOD TESTS identifying toxic levels of ALLOY TITANIUM.



'1. Introduction


About 50% of titanium used in the aerospace industry is the (α+β) alloy Ti-6Al-4V, the analogue of which is Russian VT6 alloy. This alloy possesses a perfect combination of operational and technological properties [1,2]'.

Below we see a current research article on TOXICITY OF METALS ---which again have no REAL DATA-----these research are done on patients having been implanted and are EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN STUDY PARTICIPANTS.  The damage is done let's watch as the patient DETERIORATES and record all kinds of VARIABLES, BIAS, ABSOLUTELY NO SCIENTIFIC METHOD and just say ----

THERE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE ANY CANCERS.

My exposure to ILLEGALLY IMPLANTED DEVICES could have a start date of 2007-----2010 meaning I have exposure for 10 years.  Following ME saying NO CANCER IN HER-----is FAKE NEWS FAKE DATA ---because BASIC SCIENCE from last century tells us 15 ---20 years is when CANCER shows.

The HIP IMPLANT people in this study looks from 2003----not long enough for the cancer to show---YET, these BARBER SURGEONS report IMPLANTS show more more risk of cancer then general population.



TOXICITY OF METALS RELEASED FROM IMPLANTED METAL DEVICES.

Brown, Fowler, Fustinoni, Nordberg  2015 
Handbook on the Toxicity of Metals

BRAIN IMPLANTS are NEUROLOGICAL ------and circuitry like LOW-ORBIT PHASE ARRAYS.  The likelihood of DAMAGE/CANCER from BRAIN IMPLANTS far exceeds these ORTHOPEDIC.  APPLE AND ORANGES




Tuesday, 19 March 2019 / Published in Blog


Metals in Orthopedic Use


An ideal trauma implant material should be inert, non-toxic to the body, and completely corrosion-proof. It should be inexpensive, simply worked, and mouldable in various shapes without expensive manufacturing techniques. It should have high resistance to fatigue and great strength too. Such a material isn’t available at present.



Stainless Steel


There are at least fifty alloys and grades of alloys known as commercial stainless steel. Only a few are helpful as implant biomaterial in fracture surgery.
Stainless steel designated as ASTM F-55, -56 (grades 316 and 316L) is utilized extensively for fracture fixation implants. Stainless steel of type 316L is an iron-based alloy. Alloying with chromium generates a self-regenerating, protective chromium oxide layer which offers a major protection against corrosion.


The addition of molybdenum reduces the rate of slow, passive dissolution of the chromium oxide layer by up to thousand times. Molybdenum further protects against pitting corrosion. Nickel imparts any further corrosion resistance and enables the production process, while limited quantities of silicon and manganese are added to control some problems related to manufacturing.



The carbon component raises the strength, but its existence in the alloy is undesirable. Under certain conditions created as a results of improper heat treatment, the carbon segregates from the main elements of the alloy, taking with it a considerable amount of chromium in the form of chromium carbide precipitates. Carbides formed at grain boundaries, whereas corrosion selectively happens. Moreover, the carbides degrade the material’s mechanical properties. Mixing of small quantities of titanium or niobium lessens the creation of intergranular carbides by competing for carbon.



Stainless steel of type 316L has a very low permissible level of carbon to diminish this problem. To rise the resistance to fatigue failure, 316L stainless steel can be accessible in a special grade with smaller as well as more widely spaced inclusions. This grade, designated as AISI 316LVM and specified by ASTM F-138, is made by a special method known as ‘vacuum-melting’, which results in a cleaner metal. The strength of 316L may be greatly altered by the method of production, and it may be made extremely ductile (up to 55 percent strain to failure). The alloy selected F-745 is a high strength casting material, whereas 22-13-5 has much more yield strength than 316L for the same treatment method.



Though it is a stiff, strong, and biocompatible material, 316L stainless steel has a slow nevertheless finite corrosion rate. Concerns regarding the long-term effects of nickel ions, still, prevail. Stainless steel is best fitted for short-term implantation within the body as in fracture fixation. Stainless steel is often used because the base materials are cheap, the alloy may be formed using common techniques, as well as its mechanical properties may be controlled over a wide range for ductility and strength. The elastic modulus of stainless steel is approx. 12 times higher than the elastic modulus of cortical bone.



Titanium Alloys
Titanium is the 9th most common element in the crust of earth, where it forms oxidic minerals (ilmenite, rutile). The pure element is very reactive; it’s the sole element that burns in nitrogen. Though, the metal quickly becomes coated with an oxide layer, making it resistant to most chemicals and physiologically inert. Titanium is utilized for making orthopaedic implants in 2 forms: commercially pure and a range of alloys.



Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy (ASTM F-136) is generally known as Ti6A14V. This alloy is broadly used to manufacture implants. Impurities such as hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen tend to make it brittle, which describes why only minimal amounts are acceptable in titanium alloys utilized in surgical implants.



ASTM F-136 limits the oxygen concentration to a particularly low level of 0.13%, referred as the ELI (extra low interstitial) grade. Limiting the extent of dissolved oxygen improves the material’s mechanical properties, mainly increasing its fatigue life. Aluminium stabilizes the alpha material’s form while vanadium stabilizes the beta form. Combination of both components forms a two-phase alloy with good strength properties and one that may be heat treated. Ti6A14V ELI is often used for making orthopedic implants. 



Commercially pure titanium isn’t a single chemical element however is alloyed by a level of oxygen dissolved into the metal. It also has traces of nitrogen, iron, hydrogen and carbon. The presence of these trace elements effects the mechanical properties of the titanium. International standard ISO 5832/2 defines the extent of permissible impurities.



Titanium has an elastic modulus approx. half that of the cobalt-chromium alloys and stainless steel. The lower stiffness of bone plate made of titanium decreases the severity of stress shielding and cortical osteoporosis. Another benefit of lower stiffness is that a titanium plate is less susceptible to fatigue failure than a stainless-steel plate. The elastic properties of titanium need that contouring be attained by slight over bending; it’s important however, that no metal should be twisted or bent repeatedly at the same location. The titanium’s modulus of elasticity is still roughly 6 times that of cortical bone. The ductility of titanium alloy is considerably less than that of most stainless steels. Because of this difference a surgeon needs some adaptation of his feel when knowing the optimal amount of torque to be applied to the bone screws. The feel should be acquired prior starting to use these bone screws in clinical practice. 



The corrosion resistance of pure titanium is outstanding as a very dense and stable layer can be destroyed mechanically at the time of implantation by instruments such as bending pliers. The passive layer is restored spontaneously, quickly and effectively (re-passivation). In the presence of unstable fixation, the components of titanium of an internal fixation system are exposed to fretting conditions and make metal debris. Such debris causes black or grey coloration of the surrounding tissues. This discoloration, which isn’t a result of corrosion, is harmless. Special surface treatment of the ortho implant lessens such discoloration.
______________________________________________




AND YET-------here we see GLOBAL HEDGE FUND JOHNS HOPKINS has already identified MARKERS are all kinds of CANCERS.



ONE SINGLE BLOOD TEST-----HMMMMM, COULD IT BE TESTING FOR IMPLANT ALLOY TITANIUM/ALUMINUM levels? High levels equate CANCER.


The BLOOD test for PURE TITANIUM----that is the NATURAL will always be minimal/norm range. The toxicity of these IMPLANT DEGRADATION is already KNOWN to be HIGHLY CANCEROUS.



'contrails vs. chemtrails | Metabunk
www.metabunk.org/contrails-vs-chemtrails.t726 Aug 27, 2012 ·



Chemtrails are manufactured mixtures (not compounds) composed of aluminium metal, aluminium oxide, barium sulphate, strontium chloride and additives to allow the heavier barium sulphate to ballast the other particles to keep them from blowing (too quickly) away This formulation isnt an accident, the main aspect is the high reflectivity and high ...'


HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBOR THE BARBER SURGEON WHO ILLEGALLY IMPLANTED ME IS SAYING-------SHE ALREADY HAS CANCER SHE WILL DIE SOON.

No doubt that ONE SINGLE BLOOD TEST advertised as FAKE PHARMA/MEDICAL DEVICES -----was what was used to make that DIAGNOSIS.

The only existing way to identify pre-cancerous stages are the same------LOOKING FOR SYMPTOMS.  That is what NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG working for BARBER SURGEONS are being paid to do.

NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG WORKING FOR POLITICAL MACHINES ARE USING TELEMEDICINE FOR DEATH ROOMS AND EUTHANASIA----





Eight cancers could be diagnosed with a single blood test



For many cancers, diagnosis is a long and challenging process. A new blood test, however, could offer a much-needed simpler and more effective diagnostic technique. Called CancerSEEK, it has the potential to identify eight cancer types from one blood sample.

Researchers have created a blood test that could detect eight cancer types.In the new study, researchers reveal how the blood test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for cancer detection in more than 1,000 people with the disease.



The team — from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, MD — recently published their results in the journal Science.



Worldwide, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death. It is estimated that by 2030, the number of cancer deaths will have risen from 8 million to 13 millionTrusted Source.


Early diagnosis is key to reducing cancer-related deaths; the earlier the disease is diagnosed, the higher the chances of treatment success. But sadly, many cancers are not caught until the later stages, and this is largely due to a lack of fast and effective diagnostic tools.


However, the Johns Hopkins researchers believe that CancerSEEK could bring us closer to a quick, simple way to detect cancer in its early stages.



Test produced high sensitivity and specificity


When cancerous tumors form, they release small fragments of mutated DNA and proteins into the bloodstream, and these can act as markers for cancer.



The new blood test works by identifying the markers for 16 gene mutations and eight proteins that are associated with eight different cancer types. These include breast, lung, and colorectal cancer, as well as five cancers — ovarian, liver, stomach, pancreatic, and esophageal — for which there are currently no routine screening tests for people at average risk.




"A novelty of our classification method is that it combines the probability of observing various DNA mutations together with the levels of several proteins in order to make the final call," explains study co-author Cristian Tomasetti, Ph.D., an associate professor of oncology and biostatistics at Johns Hopkins University.

For their study, the researchers tested CancerSEEK on 1,005 individuals who had been diagnosed with non-metastatic forms of one of the eight cancers.



They found that the test was able to identify 70 percent of the cancers, with sensitivity ranging from 33 percent for breast cancer to 98 percent for ovarian cancer. Sensitivity ranged from 69 percent to 98 percent for the five cancers that currently have no routine screening tests, the researchers report.


In terms of specificity, the test yielded an overall result of more than 99 percent. On testing CancerSEEK on 812 healthy adults, it only produced seven false-positive results.



As study co-author Kenneth Kinzler, Ph.D. — co-director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics at Johns Hopkins — notes, "Very high specificity was essential because false-positive results can subject patients to unnecessary invasive follow-up tests and procedures to confirm the presence of cancer."



What is more, the researchers found that their test was able to pinpoint the location of tumors for 83 percent of patients.



Test could 'substantially impact patients'


The researchers note that larger studies will now be needed to further determine the efficacy of CancerSEEK as a routine screening test for cancer, and such studies are in the pipeline.


However, the team believes that the results of its current research are encouraging.

"This has the potential to substantially impact patients. Earlier detection provides many ways to improve outcomes for patients," says study co-author Dr. Anne Marie Lennon, Ph.D., who is an associate professor of medicine, surgery, and radiology at Johns Hopkins.

THESE DOCTORS DO NOT SEEM TO BE WORRIED ABOUT BARBER SURGEON BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS MAKING BALTIMORE ONE OF THE HIGHEST IN CANCER DIAGNOSES.



"Optimally, cancers would be detected early enough that they could be cured by surgery alone, but even cancers that are not curable by surgery alone will respond better to systemic therapies when there is less advanced disease," she adds.


The team hopes that CancerSEEK will one day offer a simple, noninvasive, and fast strategy for diagnosing cancer in its early stages.


"This test represents the next step in changing the focus of cancer research from late stage disease to early disease, which I believe will be critical to reducing cancer deaths in the long-term."


Study co-author Dr. Bert Vogelstein, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine


____________________________________________

SCIENTISTS who are REAL PHYSICIANS AND DOCTORS have used themselves in testing the efficacy of any new MEDICAL or chemical released to GENERAL PUBLIC.  We did not see PRODUCTS on market until we knew MADAME CURIE died for radiation exposure.  

SHE WAS THAT EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN----LIKE ME ALTHOUGH SHE KNEW HER RISKS.

These few decades of CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA took our STRONG US PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH and absolutely GUTTED these protections.  As BARBER SURGEONS they said------

WE WILL 'USE' THEM WHILE EARNING BILLIONS WE DON'T CARE.


We will end our discussion of LOW-ORBIT PHASE ARRAY CHEMTRAIL FOR 5G SMART CITIES SMART HOUSES -------with all these BODY/BRAIN IMPLANTS with this:

We do not see ANY REAL RESEARCH being done in US ------in Baltimore nor do we see any Federal agency like FDA-----protecting our US 99% WE THE PEOPLE.  The research saying this DOES NO HARM is always followed by DIDN'T SEE THAT COMING ----CLASS ACTION LAWSUITS.

WE WILL DO MEGA DATA COLLECTION AND PRETEND WE CAN UNDERSTAND COMPLEX DISEASE VECTORS HAVING TONS OF VARIABLES---TONS OF GENETIC/ENVIRONMENTAL UNKNOWNS ALL WHILE HAVING TONS OF BIAS.




More than 80 years after she passed away, Marie Curie’s remains and personal items are still dangerously radioactive

Feb 27, 2018 Domagoj Valjak


Completed in 1790, the French Pantheon is a giant neoclassical mausoleum situated in the Parisian Latin Quarter. It houses the remains of a number of renowned French citizens, including Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Victor Hugo, and Louis Braille. Alongside many men currently interred in the Pantheon are several women, and one of them is Marie Curie, the Polish-French scientist whose pioneering research earned her the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics, which she shared with her husband, Pierre Curie, and the 1911 Nobel Prize in chemistry.


The majority of her research focused on radioactivity: Among other achievements, she coined and defined the term “radioactivity” and discovered two important radioactive elements; radium and polonium, which she named after her home country of Poland. Unfortunately, since the negative effects of radiation on human health were unknown at the time, Curie never protected herself from them during her experiments. Ultimately, her own discovery most likely led to her demise: in 1934, she died of aplastic anemia, a condition that was caused by prolonged exposure to radium and polonium. Even her daughter Irene Joliot-Curie, who also received a Nobel Prize in chemistry, died of leukemia, which was likely a direct result of her mother’s constant exposure to high levels of radiation.

Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory


She was buried at the Sceaux Cemetery in southern Paris, alongside her husband who died almost 28 years earlier. However, in 1995, their remains were transferred to the Pantheon to join the remains of other icons of French history. In fact, their remains are quite unique: When they were disinterred from their original resting place, they were so radioactive that they were interred in the Pantheon in inch-thick lead coffins that prevent the radiation from harming those who come to honor them. Actually, since the unfortunate Curies were contaminated with radium 226, the most stable isotope of radium that has a half-life of approximately 1,500 years, their remains will stay dangerously radioactive for at least that long.


Furthermore, since Marie Curie never thought that her experiments were harmful, she contaminated her entire household along with many of her personal items. She frequently carried samples of radium and polonium in the pockets of her lab coat and brought them home to analyze in her spare time. She unwittingly contaminated her all of her clothes, her books, notebooks and cookbooks, her jewelry, furniture around her home, and various other personal items.


Nowadays, more than 80 years after her death, many of her personal artifacts are stored in Paris, at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, the National Library of France. The items are kept in special boxes that are reinforced with lead to prevent the radiation from harming their handlers. Just like Curie’s body, they will remain highly radioactive for at least 1,500 years.



Still, Curie’s radioactive items are accessible to the public. Anyone who wishes to study the original notebooks that contain the handwritten details on her groundbreaking research is required to sign a liability waiver and wear all kinds of protective gear while browsing the dangerous documents.


In the years after the Curies revealed radioactivity to the public, it was thought that radioactivity was actually beneficial for human health. Also, the strange fluorescent luminosity was an appealing novelty for many people across the world. In the first two decades of the 20th century, during the era of the so-called “Radium Craze,” many household items, including clocks and kitchen utensils, contained radium simply because it was known to glow in the dark. Furthermore, a number of supposedly reinvigorating tonics containing radium entered the market and were regularly consumed.

The idea of radioactive elements as beneficial for human health was shattered in 1938 when radioactive consumer products were banned in the U.S. by an act issued by the Food and Drug Administration. By that time, it was known that radioactive elements can be used as a powerful and efficient energy source, but also that their effects on health can be devastating.

____________________________________________

We don't want to get to COMPLICATED-----but computing research already has computer technology that satisfies the needs of US 99% WE THE PEOPLE. The goals MOVING FORWARD of QUANTUM PHYSICS----COMPUTER ----is DARK HORSE meaning no one knows and basic science says
NONE OF THIS WILL WORK----ALL OF THIS WILL HARM BE DEADLY.




Why do it? It offers the MOST POWERFUL system needed to reach far into SPACE.



As someone having followed SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH for 45 years seriously, we KNOW this QUANTUM computing is a DARK HORSE meaning there is no basic science----there is no practical application beyond limited capacities.


“We’re operating in a space where no one has been able to experiment before.” What the outcome of that progress will be, he says, is something “we don’t know yet, because we’ve just got here.”



Who is HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AS BARBER SURGEONS? They are global hedge fund IVY LEAGUE RESEARCH CORPORATIONS working with GLOBAL GOOGLE to EXPERIMENT on PEOPLE and environment ----
HITTING MORE AND MORE AND MORE 99% WE THE PEOPLE black, white, and brown into CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITIES------EXPERIMENTAL MEDICAL RESEARCH.

and yet--ALL FOREIGN ECONOMIC ZONES are being built as SMART CITIES SMART HOMES



Computing


Hands-On with Google’s Quantum Computer


Staking its claim for “quantum supremacy,” the company pulls back the curtain on its landmark Sycamore chip

• By Neil Savage on October 24, 2019

I am standing in front of a gigantic touch screen in a garagelike laboratory at Google’s facility in Goleta, Calif., using my finger to move little squares containing symbols—an X, a Y, an H and other, more arcane glyphs—across the display. The squares represent functions that can be performed on a quantum bit—a qubit—inside a large, silvery cylinder nearby. Of the myriad functions on offer, some cause the bit to flip from 1 to 0 (or from 0 to 1); one makes it rotate around an axis.




Another square on the display reveals the state of the qubit, represented by what looks like a lollipop moving around inside a sphere, its stick anchored in the center. As it moves, numbers beside it oscillate between 1.0000 and 0.0000. This is one of the strengths of qubits: they do not have to be the all-or-nothing 1 or 0 of binary bits but can occupy states in between. This quality of “superposition” allows each qubit to perform more than one calculation at a time, speeding up computation in a manner that seems almost miraculous. Although the final readout from a qubit is a 1 or 0, the existence of all of those intermediary steps means it can be difficult or impossible for a classical computer to do the same calculation. To the uninitiated, this process may appear a bit like magic—a wave of the hands, a tap of a touch screen and, presto, a rabbit is pulled from a quantum hat. Google has invited me here—along with a select group of other journalists—to pull back the curtain on this wizardry, to prove it is not magical at all.




On the right half of the screen, squiggly lines display waveforms that correspond to the functions being performed on the qubits. Next to that section is a box about the size of a desktop printer, which sends those waveforms as electrical pulses through wires and into the silver cylinder. If the cylinder were open, one would see a series of six chambers, arranged in layers like a wire-festooned upside-down wedding cake. Each chamber is chilled to a temperature significantly colder than the one above it; the bottommost layer is a frigid 15 millikelvins, nearly 200 times as cold as the depths of outer space. Wires passing through the successive stages relay control signals from the warm outside world and pass back results from the chamber.

That chamber is in vacuum, shielded from the light and heat that would otherwise disrupt the delicate qubits, which sit on a chip at the end of all the wires, isolated in the dark and cold. Each qubit is about 0.2 millimeter across, big enough to be visible through an ordinary microscope. But chilled and hidden away from external influences, each becomes a superconductor that lets electrons flow freely, acting as if it were a single atom so that the laws of quantum mechanics scale up to dictate its behavior.



Gentle pulses of microwaves cause the qubits to vibrate. And when two neighboring qubits reach the same resonant frequency, they become entangled—another quantum-mechanical property meaning that measuring the state of one tells you the state of the other. Electromagnetic pulses at a different frequency cause the bit flips. The quantum computer is rather like a box containing a bunch of pendulums, says Craig Gidney, a quantum software engineer at Google. I and others outside the chamber sending the signals into it are pulling on the strings of the pendulums, changing their swings to perform different logical operations.




All this chilling and vibrating, Google’s quantum team says, has allowed it to achieve quantum supremacy, the point at which a quantum computer can do something that an ordinary classical computer cannot. In a paper published this week in Nature—but inadvertently leaked last month on a NASA Web site—Google engineers describe a benchmark experiment they used to demonstrate supremacy. Their program, run on more than 50 qubits, checks the output of a quantum random-number generator. Some critics have complained this is a contrived problem with a limited real-world application, says Hartmut Neven, manager of Google’s Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab. “Sputnik didn’t do much either,” Neven said during a press event at the Goleta facility. “It circled the Earth. Yet it was the start of the space age.”




David Awschalom, a condensed matter physicist specializing in quantum-information engineering at the University of Chicago, who was not part of the research, agrees that the program solved a very particular problem and adds that Google cannot claim it has a universal quantum computer. Such an achievement would require perhaps a million qubits, he says, and lies many years in the future. But he believes the company’s team has reached an important milestone that offers other scientists real results to build on. “I’m very excited about this,” Awschalom says. “This type of result offers a very meaningful data point.”





Google’s quantum computing chip, dubbed Sycamore, achieved its results using exactly 53 qubits. A 54th one on the chip failed. Sycamore’s aim was to randomly produce strings of 1’s and 0’s, one digit for each qubit, producing 253 bit strings (that is, some 9.700199254740992 quadrillion bit strings). Because of the way the qubits interact with one another, some strings are more likely to emerge than others. Sycamore ran the number generator a million times, then sampled the results to come up with the probability that any given string would appear. The Google team also ran a simpler version of the test on Summit, a supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, then extrapolated from those results to verify Sycamore’s output. The new chip performed the task in 200 seconds. The same chore, the researchers estimated, would have taken Summit 10,000 years.

Yet a group of researchers at IBM, which is also working to develop quantum computing, posted a preprint paper on arXiv.org earlier this week arguing that, under ideal conditions and using extra memory storage, Summit could accomplish the task in two and a half days. “Because the original meaning of the term ‘quantum supremacy,’ as proposed by [California Institute of Technology theoretical physicist] John Preskill in 2012, was to describe the point where quantum computers can do things that classical computers can’t, this threshold has not been met,” the scientists wrote in a post on the IBM Research Blog. Perhaps, then, Google’s achievement might be better labeled “quantum advantage.”




But Scott Aaronson, a theoretical computer scientist at the University of Texas at Austin, who sometimes collaborates with the Google researchers, says it is not really correct to say quantum supremacy has not been achieved—even if it is not an unambiguous “man on the moon” sort of result. After all, Sycamore was still far faster at the task than Summit. And as the number of qubits in Google’s setup grows, its computing power will expand exponentially. Moving from 53 to 60 qubits would give the company’s quantum computer the equivalent computational heft of 33 Summit supercomputers. At 70 qubits, a Summit-like classical supercomputer would have to be the size of a city to possess the same processing power.



Aaronson also suspects that what Google achieved might already have some unintended practical value. Its system could be used to produce numbers verifiably guaranteed by the laws of quantum physics to be random. That application might, for instance, produce far stronger passwords than humans or classical computers are able to come up with.

“I’m not sure the right thing is to argue whether it’s ‘supremacy’ or not,” Awschalom says. The quantum computing community has yet to agree on the best ways to compare different quantum computers, he says, especially those built on different technologies. Whereas both IBM and Google are using superconductors to create their qubits, another approach relies on trapped ions--charged atoms suspended in a vacuum and manipulated by laser beams. IBM has proposed a metric called “quantum volume,” which includes factors such as how fast qubits perform their calculations and how well they avoid or correct errors.




Error correction is, in fact, what quantum computer scientists must master to make truly useful devices—ones containing thousands of qubits. At that point, researchers say, the machines could run detailed simulations of chemical reactions that might lead to new drugs or better solar cells. And they could also quickly crack the cryptographic codes most commonly used to protect data on the Internet.

To reach that kind of performance, however, a quantum computer must self-correct, finding and fixing errors in its operations. Errors can arise when a qubit flips from 1 to 0 spontaneously or when its quantum superposition decays because of interference from the outside world. Google’s qubits currently last about 10 microseconds before decaying. “They have a finite lifetime,” says Marissa Giustina, one of the project’s researchers. “They’re very fragile. They interact with their surroundings, and we just lose the quantum information.”




Classical computers tackle error correction with redundancy, deciding whether a digital bit is on or off by measuring not a single electron in a capacitor but tens of thousands. Conversely, qubits are, by nature, probabilistic, so trying to clump them together to perform one bulk measurement will not work. Google is developing a statistical method to correct errors, and John Martinis, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who teamed with the company to develop Sycamore, says the tentative results so far have revealed no fundamental aspect, no showstopper, that would prevent error correction from getting better and better. The show, it seems, will go on.




Meanwhile Google’s engineers will be working to improve their qubits to produce fewer errors—potentially allowing many more qubits to be interlinked. They also hope to shrink down their large, desktop-printer-sized control boxes—each can handle 20 qubits and associated circuitry, so three are needed to run Sycamore’s 53 qubits. And if their system grows to reach about 1,000 qubits, its cooling needs will exceed the capacity of those large silver cylinders.



Julian Kelly, who works on quantum hardware and architecture at Google, says the company’s announcement is an engineering achievement above all else, but it is one that could open up unexplored terrain. “We’ve demonstrated that the quantum hardware can do something that is extremely difficult,” he says. “We’re operating in a space where no one has been able to experiment before.” What the outcome of that progress will be, he says, is something “we don’t know yet, because we’ve just got here.”

We will discuss the physical infrastructure for ELON MUSK lower level internet PHASE ARRAYS by pointing out this structure is IDENTICAL to the BRAIN IMPLANT circuitry inside our HEADS---  this is what global banking 1% call INTERNET OF EVERYTHING.  The ARRAYS inside my head-----RETINAL/COCHLEAR/SINUS IMPLANT with wiring through DEEP BRAIN has technology products designed and made just as those in EARTH ATMOSPHERE----- and the metals tied to CHEMTRAILS.

The schematic with the posting below shows the radiation spectrum and array shooting through BRAIN ---BODY TISSUE and this is the same ARRAY and radiation capture and transference which is occurring in our atmosphere.

As we see below the DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING DEVICES used by HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG as BARBER SURGEONS acting CRIMINALLY and illegally, and with no medical ethics or morals----are acting the same as an INTERNET IN THE CLOUDS where streaming internet communications voice and image are transferred in the same fashion.





'Animation showing the principle of an ultrasonic scanner used in medical ultrasonic imaging. It consists of a beamforming oscillator (TX) that produces an electronic signal consisting of pulses of sine waves oscillating at an ultrasonic frequency, which is applied to an array of ultrasonic transducers (T) in contact with the skin surface that convert the electric signal into ultrasonic waves traveling through the tissue. The timing of the pulses emitted by each transducer is controlled by programmable delay units (φ) that are controlled by a microprocessor control system (C). The moving red lines are the wavefronts of the ultrasonic waves from each transducer. The wavefronts are spherical, but they combine (superpose) to form plane waves, creating a beam of sound traveling in a specific direction. Since the pulse from each transducer is progressively delayed going up the line, each transducer emits its pulse after the one below it. This results in a beam of sound waves emitted at an angle (θ) to the array. By changing the pulse delays, the computer can scan the beam of ultrasound in a raster pattern across the tissue.


Echoes reflected by different density tissue, received by the transducers, build up an image of the underlying structures'.


The goals of CLOUD INTERNET technology and arrays are creating INFRASTRUCTURE for communications in SPACE---between SPACE COLONIES -----and there is NO INTENT of doing any HUMAN GOOD----in making FOREIGN ECONOMIC ZONES into SMART CITIES to include humans and animals living in these STANFORD TOTAL PRISON MODELS.

Global 1% plan to sit and watch as billions of people are placed in these FOREIGN ECONOMIC ZONES called SMART CITIES and watch what happens to the HUMAN BODY------and ENVIRONMENT----of source there will be PRODUCTS created to FIX THE DAMAGE.


This is the SEGUE between discussing HUMAN IMPLANTS and CLOUD COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY ------


5G and phased arrays

• 5G and phased arrays

• 27 JAN 18

5G and phased arrays

Article from Arthur Firstenberg
5G – FROM BLANKETS TO BULLETS


by Arthur Firstenberg
January 22, 2018



The single most important fact about 5G that nobody is talking about is called “phased array.”

It will totally change the way cell towers and cell phones are constructed and will transform the blanket of radiation which has enveloped our world for two decades into a million powerful beams whizzing by us at all times. Blake Levitt, author of Electromagnetic Fields: A Consumer’s Guide to the Issues and How to Protect Ourselves (Harcourt Brace, 1995), brought this to my attention. A mutual friend, with whom I was speaking during the campaign to defeat S.B. 649 in California, passed on a message from Blake: “5G antennas will be phased arrays; Arthur will know what that means.”


And I did.



Phased arrays were one of the first things I learned about in the very beginning of my long, involuntary journey from medical student to campaigner against wireless technology. After I was injured by X-rays in 1980, I began to read everything I could get my hands on that had to do with electromagnetic radiation and its effects on life. And one of the first books I read was Paul Brodeur’s The Zapping of America (W.W. Norton, 1977).



Early warnings


Brodeur was a staff writer for the New Yorker who had purchased property on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, only to discover that 30 miles inland, across the bay from his future home, the Air Force was planning to construct the world’s most powerful radar station. It was going to scan the Atlantic Ocean as a key early warning element protecting us against the threat of sea-launched ballistic missiles from the Soviet Union. Although it emitted an average power of only 145,000 watts, similar to some FM radio stations, it did not broadcast that energy from only a single antenna and it did not spread that energy out uniformly in all directions. Instead, it had 3,600 antennas arranged in two “phased arrays” of 1,800 antennas each. The antennas in each array worked together as a unit to focus all their energy into a narrow, steerable beam.


Each beam had an effective power of four billion watts, and the peak radiation level exceeded 0.3 milliwatt per square centimeter—the FCC’s safety limit today—at a distance of ten miles in front of the radar station. The facility was called PAVE PAWS (Precision Acquisition of Vehicle Entry Phased Array Warning System).



The Defense Department acknowledged in a 1975 report, quoted by Brodeur, that such systems “energize thousands of operational elements, are electronically steered at high search rates, and operate at a frequency range having a maximum whole body energy transfer to man and for which little bioeffects data exists.”



Shortly after I read this, I discovered firsthand what some of the bioeffects were. Attempting to finish my M.D. almost cost me my life. I collapsed one day with all the symptoms of a heart attack, whereupon I resigned from school and moved up to Mendocino to recover. There I was in the path of the other PAVE PAWS, the one that scanned the Pacific Ocean. This PAVE PAWS was due east of Mendocino, in California’s Central Valley at Beale Air Force Base. And for nine months, every evening at precisely 7:00 p.m., no matter where I was or what I was doing, my chest would tighten and I would be unable to catch my breath for the next two hours. At precisely 9:00 p.m., my body would relax and I could breathe. I lived in Mendocino from 1982 through 1984, and although I eventually recovered my health, I was always aware of an uncomfortable pressure in my chest whenever I was on the coast. I also lived in Mendocino from 1999 to 2004, and felt that same discomfort whenever I was there, and always felt it suddenly vanish when I drove out of range of PAVE PAWS, and suddenly return at the same point on my journey home.


Directed beams


5G is going to be at a much higher frequency range, which means the antennas are going to be much smaller—small enough to fit inside a smartphone—but like in PAVE PAWS they are going to work together in a phased array, and like in PAVE PAWS they are going to concentrate their energy in narrow, steerable high power beams. The arrays are going to track each other, so that wherever you are, a beam from your smartphone is going to be aimed directly at the base station (cell tower), and a beam from the base station is going to be aimed directly at you. If you walk between someone’s phone and the base station, both beams will go right through your body. The beam from the tower will hit you even if you are standing near someone who is on a smartphone. And if you are in a crowd, multiple beams will overlap and be unavoidable.



At present, smartphones emit a maximum of about two watts, and usually operate at a power of less than a watt. That will still be true of 5G phones, however inside a 5G phone there may be 8 tiny arrays of 8 tiny antennas each, all working together to track the nearest cell tower and aim a narrowly focused beam at it. The FCC has recently adopted rules allowing the effective power of those beams to be as much as 20 watts. Now if a handheld smartphone sent a 20-watt beam through your body, it would far exceed the exposure limit set by the FCC. What the FCC is counting on is that there is going to be a metal shield between the display side of a 5G phone and the side with all the circuitry and antennas. That shield will be there to protect the circuitry from electronic interference that would otherwise be caused by the display and make the phone useless. But it will also function to keep most of the radiation from traveling directly into your head or body, and therefore the FCC is allowing 5G phones to come to market that will have an effective radiated power that is ten times as high as for 4G phones. What this will do to the user’s hands, the FCC does not say. And who is going to make sure that when you stick a phone in your pocket, the correct side is facing your body? And who is going to protect all the bystanders from radiation that is coming in their direction that is ten times as strong as it used to be?


And what about all the other 5G equipment that is going to be installed in all your computers, appliances, and automobiles? The FCC calls handheld phones “mobile stations.” Transmitters in cars are also “mobile stations.” But the FCC has also issued rules for what it calls ”transportable stations,” which it defines as transmitting equipment that is used in stationary locations and not in motion, such as local hubs for wireless broadband in your home or business. The FCC’s new rules allow an effective radiated power of 300 watts for such equipment.

NO MENTION OF BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTS WHICH ARE CONSIDERED TRANSPORTABLE STATIONS FOR 5G MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION.


Enormous power


The situation with cell towers is, if anything, worse. So far the FCC has approved bands of frequencies around 24 GHz, 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 39 GHz, and 48 GHz for use in 5G stations, and is proposing to add 32 GHz, 42 GHz, 50 GHz, 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz, and above 95 GHz to the soup. These have tiny wavelengths and require tiny antennas. At 48 GHz, an array of 1,024 antennas will measure only 4 inches square. And the maximum radiated power from a base station will probably not be that large—tens or hundreds of watts. But just as with PAVE PAWS, arrays containing such large numbers of antennas will be able to channel the energy into highly focused beams, and the effective radiated power will be enormous. The rules adopted by the FCC allow a 5G base station operating in the millimeter range to emit an effective radiated power of up to 30,000 watts per 100 MHz of spectrum. And when you consider that some of the frequency bands the FCC has made available will allow telecom companies to buy up to 3 GHz of contiguous spectrum at auction, they will legally be allowed to emit an effective radiated power of up to 900,000 watts if they own that much spectrum. The base stations emitting power like that will be located on the sidewalk. They will be small rectangular structures mounted on top of utility poles.


The reason the companies want so much power is because millimeter waves are easily blocked by objects and walls and require tremendous power to penetrate inside buildings and communicate with all the devices that we own that are going to part of the Internet of Things. The reason such tiny wavelengths are required is because of the need for an enormous amount of bandwidth—a hundred times as much bandwidth as we formerly used—in order to have smart homes, smart businesses, smart cars, and smart cities, i.e. in order to connect so many of our possessions, big and small, to the internet, and make them do everything we want them to do as fast as we want them to do it. The higher the frequency, the greater the bandwidth—but the smaller the waves. Base stations have to be very close together—100 meters apart in cities—and they have to blast out their signals in order to get them inside homes and buildings. And the only way to do this economically is with phased arrays and focused beams that are aimed directly at their targets. What happens to birds that fly through the beams, the FCC does not say. And what happens to utility workers who climb utility poles and work next to these structures everyday? A 30,000-watt beam will cook an egg, or an eye, at a distance of a few feet.



The power from a base station will be distributed among as many devices as are connected at the same time. When a lot of people are using their phones simultaneously, everyone’s phone will slow down but the amount of radiation in each beam will be less. When you are the only person using your phone—for example, late at night—your data speed will be blisteringly fast but most of the radiation from the cell tower will be aimed at you.



Deep penetration into the body


Another important fact about radiation from phased array antennas is this: it penetrates much deeper into the human body and the assumptions that the FCC’s exposure limits are based on do not apply. This was brought to everyone’s attention by Dr. Richard Albanese of Brooks Air Force Base in connection with PAVE PAWS and was reported on in Microwave News in 2002. When an ordinary electromagnetic field enters the body, it causes charges to move and currents to flow. But when extremely short electromagnetic pulses enter the body, something else happens: the moving charges themselves become little antennas that re-radiate the electromagnetic field and send it deeper into the body. These re-radiated waves are called Brillouin precursors. They become significant when either the power or the phase of the waves changes rapidly enough. 5G will probably satisfy both requirements. This means that the reassurance we are being given—that these millimeter waves are too short to penetrate far into the body--is not true.



In the United States, AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile are all competing to have 5G towers, phones, and other devices commercially available as early as the end of 2018. AT&T already has experimental licenses and has been testing 5G-type base stations and user equipment at millimeter wave frequencies in Middletown, New Jersey; Waco, Austin, Dallas, Plano, and Grapevine, Texas; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and South Bend, Indiana. Verizon has experimental licenses and has been conducting trials in Houston, Euless, and Cypress, Texas; South Plainfield and Bernardsville, New Jersey; Arlington, Chantilly, Falls Church, and Bailey’s Crossroads, Virginia; Washington, DC; Ann Arbor, Michigan; Brockton and Natick, Massachusetts; Atlanta; and Sacramento. Sprint has experimental licenses in Bridgewater, New Brunswick, and South Plainfield, New Jersey; and San Diego. T-Mobile has experimental licenses in Bellevue and Bothell, Washington; and San Francisco.

_____________________________________________

The US FCC pulled from a HAT these ranges of exposure OK for global technology corporations to unleash on the general population and these ranges HAVE NO BASIC SCIENCE----in fact the BASIC SCIENCE already attained LAST CENTURY indicates GREAT HARM AND DANGER to health.  This is why global banking 1% wants NEW EVIDENCE-BASED SCIENCE DATA-----they will pretend people are not being harmed.  When the harm is seen they will say ----

WE DIDN'T SEE THAT COMING!  WE HAD NO IDEA THIS WOULD HAPPEN.



'FCC limits (300 kHz to 100 GHz)'.


'Those fears have spiked despite bodies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) stating there should be no risks to public health. In fact, 5G radiation should actually be safer than previous networks, according to research by Cornell University'.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY----PRIVATE RESEARCH CORPORATION providing 'DATA' saying 5G is going to be SAFER then our electricity grid.

'Cornell Universitywww.cornell.edu Cornell University is a private research university that provides an exceptional education for undergraduates and graduate and professional students. Cornell's colleges and schools encompass more than 100 fields of study, with locations in Ithaca, New York, New York City and Doha, Qatar'.

One of the goals of MOVING FORWARD DEEP DEEP REALLY DEEP STATE STANFORD TOTAL PRISON MODEL is to force the human body to acclimate to ever---higher doses of radiation because MARS et al is hyper-radioactive.

Note this article identifies TRANS PACIFIC TRADE PACT as the tool of WORLD BANK WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION in pushing these 5G structures as HEALTH SUSTAINABILITY via TELEMEDICINE.

TPG says community health fears stopped its 5G rollout in Australia

• Home


• TPG says community health fears stopped its 5G rollout in Australia

• 06 OCT 19

TPG says community health fears stopped its 5G rollout in Australia


When it was first announced that TPG had pulled out of its planned 5G rollout using Huawei’s equipment in Australia it was widely assumed that this was a result of the Australian government’s ban on Huawei equipment because of security fears (Huawei is a Chinese company with connections to the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese military) .


However it now appears that TPG’s change of heart was also due to community 5G health concerns according to TPG’s chief operating executive Craig Levy testifying in the Federal Court.


Note in the below article where it mentions Cornell research which is claimed to find that 5G radiation is safer than previous networks. The author should have dug deeper. The paper referred to is not research but just an 11 page justifiation on why Cornell University follows the FCC limits (300 kHz to 100 GHz). Its just the old Procrustean Approach dressed up in new clothing (or putting lipstick on a pig) and is disinginous for a claim that 5G is safe.


The ‘take home’ message for the Business Insider article is that community protest concerns over 5G are having an effect.
Don
*********************************

TPG says community health fears stopped its 5G rollout in Australia – as experts blame disinformation campaigns on social media
The Business Insider
By Jack Derwin 
Sep 18, 2019, 1:52 PM

• TPG chief operating executive Craig Levy has told the Federal Court that the telco pulled its plans to roll out a 5G network in Australia due to community fears regarding the health impact of the technology.
• Those fears have spiked despite bodies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) stating there should be no risks to public health. In fact, 5G radiation should actually be safer than previous networks, according to research by Cornell University.
• Despite the science however, a small segment of the community appears concerned over the technology, as the number of social media groups spreading disinformation grow, galvanising opposition to the network.
  
  
  
  _____________________________________
  
  Now, when HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBOR as BARBER SURGEON says DON'T WORRY-----SHE IS BEING 'USED' only she is being exposed to all this RADIATION AND IMAGING technology and BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTS ---that would be FAKE NEWS.  What is the difference today vs what will exist tomorrow if we continue to allow MOVING FORWARD is this:  today, we have primarily the old-school ELECTRICITY GRID------so, the MICROWAVE RADIATION et al in CLOUD COMPUTING 5G is only beginning to be installed.  The exposure to general population today in Baltimore is MINIMAL as to what will exist if 5G SURFACE and LOW-ORBIT atmosphere platforms are built with the need of continuous SEEDING via CHEMTRAILS of metals needed for capture and transference of PHASE ARRAY BEAMS.
  
  As we say----global banking is making CLOTHES---TRASH CANS----FENCES----everything in our environment especially SMART HOMES filled with what will be RECEPTORS------bringing all that RADIATION EXPOSURE to ALL 99% OF WE THE PEOPLE.
  
  CHEMTRAILS today likely have barium, aluminum, titanium and other technology hardware metals.  We will look at our MEDICAL DATA which shows decades ago all these ranges of exposure allowed from natural environment---and how low that exposure range is----compared to the environmental and body conditions of exposure today.  The amount of exposure to these METAL and ALLOYS is massive.  The numbers have soared and with that comes FAKE DATA saying---
  
  DON'T WORRY THIS LEVEL OF METAL EXPOSURE WILL NOT HARM YOU.
  
  The medical lab testing for HEAVY METALS and human health are geared towards NATURALLY OCCURRING METALS-------these are different than the ALLOYS used in BRAIN/BODY IMPLANTS and CHEMTRAILS.  We already know the ALLOYS are more cancerous then the natural occurring metals.  The exposure to LEAD in US will look like child's play in 5G MICROWAVE connectivity covering SURFACE OF SMART CITIES.
  
  
  
  Optimizing Phased Array Antenna Designs for 5G and IoT with Apps
  
  by Jiyoun Munn
  June 1, 2016
• The 5G mobile network and Internet of Things (IoT) are two hot topics in the RF and microwave industry. New developments in these wireless applications call for much higher data rates, active electronically scanned arrays (AESA), phased array antennas, and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology. It is important to reduce the time and cost during the process of prototyping and manufacturing these applications. Using simulation and apps, we can streamline the development cycle of wireless communication designs.
  
  
  Advanced Computational Resources for 5G Phased Array Antenna Designs
• As we discussed in a previous blog post, there are many required advancements and design considerations for the 5G mobile network. One of the improvements that RF engineers need to work toward is increasing antenna gain to serve the much higher frequencies on which 5G will operate.
  
  An isotropic low-gain antenna used in older networks versus a directive high-gain antenna used for 5G.
• 
  Another requirement of the 5G mobile network is that we improve phase progression technology. This shapes the radiation pattern and steers the beam of an antenna array to control the input signal and address angular coverage issues.
  
  
  A monopole phased antenna array can steer a beam toward the desired direction.
• 
  One device, a slot-coupled microstrip patch antenna array, can be incorporated into designs to address these coverage issues. However, there are many complex design parameters that must be considered in order to build a device that is optimized for 5G wireless communications.
• 
  Simulation can help by offering the capability to evaluate and implement physical effects that can not be easily tested in a design lab or through prototyping, such as extreme temperature variation, structural deformation, and chemical reactions. Unfortunately, not every engineer working on a design may be an expert in simulation, requiring the simulation expert on the team to be involved in every step of the design process whenever there are new changes to an antenna array design or simulation environment.
  The Application Builder addresses these difficulties by further enhancing the capabilities of simulation. Now, an otherwise complex and tedious numerical model of an RF design can be turned into an interactive and user-friendly tool for experts and end users alike. Today, let’s explore the Slot-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Synthesizer simulation app and how it can help us optimize phased array antenna designs for 5G and IoT.
  
  
  Using the Slot-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Synthesizer App
• Active electronically scanned arrays (AESA), also known as phased antenna arrays, are conventionally used in the military for radar and satellite applications. These arrays are also used in a new application — commercial purposes — due to the growing needs of higher data rates in communication devices. The size of this simple component can easily exceed tens of a wavelength, causing simulation design to be very memory intensive. As a result, computation takes a very long time, even when only approximated values are needed to evaluate a proof-of-concept model. Faster prototyping would help to analyze performance and determine design parameters quickly.
• 
  The Slot-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Synthesizer is based on a full finite element method (FEM) model of a single microstrip patch antenna built on low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) layers. The device initially operates at 30 GHz, and the radiation pattern and directivity analysis of the entire array structure are integrated using the very powerful postprocessing functionality of COMSOL Multiphysics. The Application Builder works as a shortcut to provide a variety of ways to design and build the user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), transforming an ordinary mathematical model into an intuitive simulation tool.
  
  The top view of a slot-coupled mictrostrip patch antenna.
• 
  The Application Builder offers two essential tools for creating our app: the Form Editor and Method Editor. The Form Editor enables us to design the GUI with simple functionality by adding form objects to a custom interface. The Method Editor helps to implement more advanced and customized functions over the form objects. After an accurate simulation of a single microstrip patch antenna, we find the two-dimensional antenna array factor
  This corresponds to user input, such as array size; arithmetic phase progression; and angular resolution, which is imposed on the single antenna radiation pattern data (emw.normEfar).
  The Method Editor moves beyond a simple simulation, where visualization is limited to the predefined postprocessing variables, and allows for further customization.
  
  A preview of the main form to show form objects.
  
  Using the Method Editor to create custom actions for form objects.
  In this app, there are many design parameters that we can test for our microstrip patch antenna array design, including:
• Antenna properties
  • Patch size
  • Substrate size
  • Slot size
  • Feed line width
  • Extended feed line length
  • Patch substrate thickness and relative permittivity
  • Feed substrate thickness and relative permittivity
• Array properties
  • Array size
  • Phase progression
  • Spacing
• Simulation properties
  • Frequency
  • Wavelength
  • 3D plot resolution
  • Polar plot resolution
• The Frequency Selective Surface Simulator demo app (left) and the Plasmonic Wire Grating Simulator demo app (right).
• 
  Whether you are building an app to enhance RF designs for the 5G network, or working in another application area, get started building simulation apps and optimizing your design workflow and product performance today.
• 
  The array dimension, phase progression and spacing, and the distance between each element primarily characterize the shape and direction of the array antenna radiation pattern. The angular resolution also adds a delicate touch on the 3D and 2D radiation pattern visualization. Note that when the antenna directivity is higher, using a finer resolution will more accurately describe the sidelobes.
  
  The GUI of the Slot-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Synthesizer app.
• 
  After the analysis, the app reports whether the single antenna design parameters are optimal by using the computed S-parameter (S11) value compared to the pass/fail target criterion that the app user specifies before running the simulation. The app depicts the electric field distribution on each dielectric and metallic layer and also visualizes the entire view of the array to give app users a better feel for the performance of the design. You can also choose to include a complete simulation result report and documentation that concisely explains how the app works.
• 
  Simulation Apps Provide Unlimited Ways to Present a Numerical Model
• There are infinite ways to convert your model into a customized tool by using the Application Builder, but what’s next? You can launch and use your simulation app with the core COMSOL Multiphysics® software. As long as you have an internet connection, you can run your app using a common web browser and even deploy it to colleagues and customers via COMSOL Server™ product.
  In the Application Gallery, even more apps are available for you to download and explore, covering physics areas such as electrical, mechanical, fluid, chemical, and more. These demo apps can serve as a guide for you to build useful apps of your own.
  ______________________________________

The global banking 5% freemason/Greek players here in Baltimore have installed HITTING and FAKE research studies tied to finding out just how much exposure to RADIATION---these ARRAYS-----those TRACKING STRUCTURES tied to PHASE ARRAY ELON MUSK CLOUD internet.  While I was DUCKING AND DODGING NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG and all that illegal surveillance and 24/7 video PORN-----and psycho-sexual torture with DIAGNOSTIC DEVICES filled with RADIATION exposure------

EMPLOYEES at a AMAZON-----which now owns WHOLEFOODS------thanks for the FUNGAL GARLIC from CHINA-------UNDERARMOUR---GOOGLE----et al are those citizens wanting jobs willing to PUSH these goals -------are they SATANIC ----are they WICCAN----well, we think global banking 1% tends to bring out those characters when pushing MEDICAL ATROCITIES.

THERE IS NOT PLACE FOR MORALS AND ETHICS---FOR RELIGION IN MOVING FORWARD DEEP, DEEP, REALLY DEEP STATE----5G SMART CITIES.

These are the global corporations getting all our US FEDERAL HEALTH RESEARCH FUNDING using our US UNIVERSITIES as corporate research facilities for GLOBAL MILITARY goals.

WHEN REAL LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVES SHOUT AGAINST REBUILDING US LOCAL ECONOMIES WITH GLOBAL CORPORATIONS AND GLOBAL FACTORIES----this is why.

We can STOP THIS----we simply need to STOP MOVING FORWARD.

This is a global banking 1% MEDIA OUTLET FORBES telling us this is great for BUSINESS.


Nov 7, 2017, 09:06am


The Top 5 Cloud-Computing Vendors: #1 Microsoft, #2 Amazon, #3 IBM, #4 Salesforce, #5 SAP

Bob Evans Former Contributor  FORBES
Enterprise & Cloud

This article is more than 2 years old.

As the Cloud Wars heat up, IBM jumps to #3, Salesforce.com falls from #2 (tie) to #4, and SAP slips... [+]


Bob Evans(Note: After an award-winning career in the media business covering the tech industry, Bob Evans was VP of Strategic Communications at SAP in 2011, and Chief Communications Officer at Oracle from 2012 to 2016. He now runs his own firm, Evans Strategic Communications LLC.)



CLOUD WARS -- As businesses move beyond cloud experiments to deeply strategic deployments, the balance of power in the Cloud Wars Top 10 is shifting toward those tech providers that can move those business customers past the infrastructure phase and into the high-value realm of AI-driven competitive advantage.


While the vast majority of media attention in the cloud's early days has gone to the top providers of public-cloud IaaS—Amazon Web Services, Microsoft and Google—the next and vitally more strategic theater in the Cloud Wars will be software, particularly around the booming potential for AI, Machine Learning and Blockchain.




As a result, my latest Cloud Wars Top 10 rankings reveal some major changes at or near the top of this list of the world's most-powerful and most-influential cloud-computing vendors:


Today In: Tech

#1 Microsoft remains an absolute lock at the top due to four factors: its deep involvement at all three layers of the cloud (IaaS, PaaS and SaaS); its unmatched commitment to developing and helping customers deploy AI, ML and Blockchain in innovative production environments; its market-leading cloud revenue, which I estimate at about $16.7 billion for the trailing 12 months (not to be confused with the forward-projected $20.4 billion annualized run rate the company released on Oct. 26); and the extraordinary vision and leadership of CEO Satya Nadella.


#2 Amazon might not have the end-to-end software chops of the others in the Top 5 but it was and continues to be the poster-child for the cloud-computing movement: the first-moving paradigm-buster and category creator. I believe Amazon will make some big moves to bolster its position in software, and no matter how you slice it, the $16 billion in trailing-12-month cloud revenue from AWS is awfully impressive.


 #3 IBM has leapfrogged both Salesforce.com (formerly tied with Amazon for #2 and now in the #4 spot) and SAP (formerly #4) on the strength of its un-trendy but highly successful emphasis on transforming its vast array of software expertise and technology from the on-premises world to the cloud.

In so doing, IBM has quietly created a $15.8-billion cloud business (again on trailing-12-month basis) that includes revenue of $7 billion from helping big global corporations convert legacy systems to cloud or cloud-enabled environments. And like #1 Microsoft, IBM plays in all three layers of the cloud—IaaS, PaaS and SaaS—which is hugely important for the elite cloud vendors because it allows them to give customers more choices, more seamless integration, better cybersecurity, and more reasons for third-party developers to rally to the IBM Cloud. Plus, its relentless pairing of "cloud and cognitive" is an excellent approach toward weaving AI and ML deeply into customer-facing solutions.



#4 Salesforce.com falls a couple of spots from its long-time tie with Amazon at #2 but—and this will be the case as long as founder Marc Benioff is CEO—remains a powerful source of digital innovation and disruptive strategy. However, to remain in the rarified air near the top of the Cloud Wars Top 10, Benioff and Salesforce must find a way to extend their market impact beyond their enormously successful SaaS business and become more of a high-impact player in the platform or PaaS space. At this stage, it's simply not possible for Salesforce to become a player in IaaS, so Benioff needs to crank up the genius machine and hammer his way into top contention as a platform powerhouse.



#5 SAP has what all of the other cloud vendors would kill for: unmatched incumbency within all of the world's leading corporations as the supplier of mission-critical business applications that run those companies. It's also fashioned, under CEO Bill McDermott, powerful new partnerships with Amazon and Google to complement its long-standing relationships with IBM and Microsoft, all of which give customers a heightened sense of confidence that SAP will be willing and able to play nice in heterogeneous environments. Plus, SAP's HANA technology is now in full deployment across thousands of businesses, and as it takes root and SAP continues to rationalize its massive product portfolio around HANA in the cloud, SAP has a very bright future ahead of it in the cloud.


So the Cloud Wars are clearly intensifying—particularly among the five most-powerful players at the top—as business customers are fully embracing the cloud as the best and most-capable approach toward digital transformation.


And in such an environment, the long-term winners in the Cloud Wars will be those tech companies that choose to view the world by and create their strategies around what business customers want and need, rather than by the distorted and distorting tech-centric perspectives of the Silicon Valley bubble.

________________________________________

As NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG were chasing me as a RUNAWAY SEX SLAVE------saying they loved the idea of bringing slavery back to US FOREIGN ECONOMIC ZONES----having GROUP SPEAK AND CHATTER players tracking me down everywhere I went------this is all tied to developing CLOUD COMPUTING LASER BEAM TECHNOLOGY to connect with any device now being labelled a TRANSFORMER.  This is why global banking 5% freemason/Greek players always call MOVING FORWARD-----

TRANSFORMATIONAL-----IT'S THE TRANSFORMERS EVERYWHERE INSIDE EVERYTHING.

I went into great detail in my description of HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG HITTING me with all kinds of TELEMEDICINE diaganostic and imaging radiation nearly KILLING me -----with detailed descriptions of BRAIN/BODY IMPLANT so people could see how what is being put inside our bodies looks just like the infrastructure IN THE CLOUDS.

IT DOES NOT TAKE A ROCKET SCIENTIST---OR EVEN A BARBER SURGEON TO FIGURE OUT-----HUMAN/ANIMAL BODIES WILL BE DAMAGED---PEOPLE WILL DIE-----FOR A GOAL HAVING ABSOLUTELY WORTHLESS CAPACITY.

Hmmmm, looks like those dastardly HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS and that BEAM-STEERING ALGORITHM aimed at MY BRAIN AND BODY


' For this test, we will design and build the optical head and all the sensing and control electronics, complete with the digital signal processing necessary for the fibre-length sensing and beam-steering algorithms'.

The CHEMTRAILS with all those chemical metals are what GUIDE the capture and transmittance of these BEAMS.




Laser beam steering subsystem - an optical phased array



Phased arrays are employed in several types of modern devices, including medical ultrasound emitters and military radar. Their primary purpose is to precisely steer a beam of sound or electromagnetic waves without using any moving parts. The basic principle is to use an array of transmitters and then control the phase of the wave that each transmitter produces. The combined wavefront from all the transmitters can then exhibit certain desired properties, such as travelling in a particular direction or having a certain shape.

This is illustrated in Figure 1.
Phased array examples

Figure 1: Three examples of a phased array emitting a wave. Left: the array is timed such that the combined wavefront travels directly away from the array. Center: the wavefront travels at an angle. Right: the wave front appears to come from a single point source behind the array.

This is relatively straightforward if the wave frequencies are small enough that the signals can be produced by a digital system, which is the case for ultrasound and radar. For visible and near-infrared (i.e., optical) light, however, which have frequencies exceeding 1017 Hz (that’s 100 million GHz), this is not possible.

An alternative option is to generate a highly coherent light wave and split it among multiple paths, each with a variable length. By controlling the length of the different paths we control how long it takes the light to travel through it and thus the phase of the light when it comes out. Fortunately we have the tools to make this happen: lasers are perfect for generating coherent light and optical fibres are waveguides, designed specifically to guide light along a path.

In the simplest scenario, we could simply use an optical fibre array (such as the one in Figure 2) which has many fibres bundled together in a single package. The light from the laser would be divided and sent along different optical paths in the different fibres. Each fibre would have its own electronic ‘stretcher’ (really an electro-optic-modulator) that would change the path length in that fibre. By sending the appropriate signals to each ‘stretcher’, we would then have an optical phased array.



Custom designed optical-fiber phased array

Figure 2: Custom designed optical-fiber array.

Unfortunately a system such as described above would be overwhelmed by noise, and would not function as envisioned. For a phased array to work properly, the relative phases need to be adjusted to within a fraction of a wavelength. With optical wavelengths being typically around 1 micrometre, this is not straightforward, as normal fluctuations in the temperature of the fibres or mechanical vibrations in the fibres will cause path length changes much larger than this. These external forces will destroy the precise phase relationships among the many fibres making up the optical phased array, and so we need to eliminate them. Since it is not generally possible to adequately insulate our array from these forces, we will instead precisely measure the effect of the forces on each fibre, and then use the fibre-stretchers to compensate for that unwanted effect.

Our plan is shown in Figure 3.

By fixing a glass screen (a reference flat) in front of the fibres a small amount of light is reflected from each outgoing fibre back into a return fibre. We can then use a powerful technique called heterodyne interferometry to precisely measure the phase of the returning light, which gives us a measurement of the path length of the outgoing fibre. This phase measurement can then be used to adjust the fibre-stretchers until we have exactly the length, and thus the phase, that we want. This solution is complicated by the fact that the return fibre carries reflected light from all the outgoing fibres, and so we need to descramble it in order to determine the lengths of the individual fibres.



Optical phased array schematic

Figure 3: The basic schematic of the optical phased arrary.


The path length in each fibre must be precisely measured in real time in order to cancel disturbances due to ambient noise. The technique for this measurement is multi-plexed digital interferometry.

The solution is digitally enhanced heterodyne interferometry, developed at ANU. This involves tagging the light traveling with a pseudo-random noise (PRN) code, with each fibre having a different delay. Each fibre uses a different delay so when the light from multiple fibres travels back down the return fibre and hits our sensor we can use the code combined with the unique, known delays to separate the light based on which outgoing fibre it came from. Now we can precisely measure the changes in length of each outgoing fibre and apply the appropriate control signal to each fibre-stretcher to cancel the distortion. Then using the standard phased array techniques, we have a laser beam steering device with no moving parts. This optical phased array might be used to steer the output beam of the GRACE satellite, or, if built with a high-power laser beam, to actually change the path of space debris.

At ANU Centre for Gravitational Physics, we have already demonstrated that this concept can work, using a one-dimensional system (i.e., it can steer the beam left and right but not up or down) with standard laboratory optical prototyping components. We are currently designing and will soon test a fully capable two-dimensional, integrated system that will be precise, compact, and robust. For this test, we will design and build the optical head and all the sensing and control electronics, complete with the digital signal processing necessary for the fibre-length sensing and beam-steering algorithms.
__________________________________________


The WORLD BANK WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION pushes DATA saying none of this is dangerous---they have global banking 1% FAKE NEWS MEDIA saying people LIKE ME are CRAZY------we are SEEING THINGS------and this article states the labeling of people as CONSPIRACY THEORISTS.
When our US 99% WE THE PEOPLE buy into the PLEASURE---the CONVENIENCE ---of all these SMART DEVICES needing 5G-----we are IGNORING THE BIG PICTURE-----BUT THEY ARE GIVING US FREE 24/7 VIDEO PORN------FOR GOODNESS SAKE---THIS CANNOT BE BAD SAY NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG illegal streaming video PORN MULES ----


those PORN ADDICTS who very soon if not already will have BRAIN IMPLANTS IN THEIR HEADS.





My month with chemtrails conspiracy theorists


Regenerative farmers Tammi Riedl and her boyfriend, Rob Neuhauser, on their farm in Lincoln, California. Photograph: Max Whittaker/The GuardianTammi Riedl and her partner believe ‘chemtrails’ are damaging our health.

They prove conspiracies have gone mainstream – and aren’t just for the right wing


by Carey Dunne in Placer County, California
Mon 22 May 2017 05.00 EDT Last modified on Tue 19 Dec 2017 14.58 EST

Standing between beds of golden beets and elephant garlic in the garden of Lincoln Hills, a small organic farm in Placer County, California, Tammi Riedl looks up and points to a stripe of white haze running across a cloudless blue sky.


“See that?” she asks, raising her eyebrows. “What do you think that is?”
I look up. The white stripe looks like a normal contrail of jet engine exhaust to me. But to Tammi, a 54 year-old organic farmer, it’s a “chemtrail”: a toxic cocktail of aluminum, strontium and barium sprayed from planes in a plot to control the weather, the population and our food supply.
“See how it dissipates and becomes cloud cover?” she says. “That’s not normal.”
I nod, unsure how to respond to this unexpected declaration, and Tammi resumes demonstrating how to cover crop rows with frost blankets.




For the month of January, in an attempt to escape seasonal and post-election depression, I applied to work as a part-time farmhand at Lincoln Hills in exchange for room and board after spotting the arrangement advertised on the website HelpX.


To someone accustomed to New York City’s mouse-infested apartments, the farm was cartoonishly idyllic: on 10 acres in the Sierra Nevada foothills, sheep graze on blackberry bushes, a baby mule frolics, and free-range chickens pluck worms from compost heaps. But for the residents who subscribe to the chemtrails conspiracy theory, what looks like a perfect bucolic scene feels shrouded in danger.
Tammi and her boyfriend, Rob Neuhauser, are among the estimated 5% of Americans who believe that various global powers, including the US government, run clandestine and harmful chemical-spraying programs.


Versions of the chemtrails (or “covert geoengineering”) theory abound, and Tammi’s goes roughly like this: to mitigate global warming, mysterious airplanes spray chemicals into the atmosphere to form sun-blocking artificial cloud cover. This is done in secret, because these chemicals wreak havoc on environmental and human health, causing “Alzheimer’s, all sorts of brain problems, cancer”, she says.


Despite her adherence to USDA organic guidelines, Tammi fears that the chemical spraying means the produce she sells and donates to the Placer Food Bank isn’t technically organic. “It makes me think, ‘Wow, are we going to have to start growing everything indoors, under tunnels?’” she says. “Because the air is not healthy for crops.”

Scientists roundly reject the chemtrails theory, which started to gain followers in the mid-1990s. The trails you see behind airplanes, they explain, are harmless condensation trails, or contrails, formed when moist engine exhaust hits freezing temperatures at high altitudes.
Stoking the chemtrails theory is the fact that there are a few legitimate reasons for atmospheric spraying. Geoengineering scientists have indeed suggested fighting global warming by doing more or less what Tammi fears they’re already doing. So far, though, solar geoengineering remains in hypothetical or small-scale research stages.


To counter conspiracy theorists, in the early aughts the US Air Force featured a disclaimer on its website, stating that “the ‘chemtrail’ hoax has been investigated and refuted by many established and accredited universities, scientific organizations, and major media publications”.

The EPA published a similar notice alongside a fact sheet about contrails. But this hasn’t been enough to sway true believers, who tend to dismiss skeptics as “sheeple” or shills.




Not your stereotypical conspiracists


Before I met Tammi, videos of far-right conspiracist radio host Alex Jones foaming at the mouth and claiming “they are spraying poisons on you” served as my prime example of what a believer in chemtrails might look like. I’d read articles that called such believers “idiots”, but I had never actually talked to one.




Tammi isn’t a caricature of a tinfoil hat-wearing conspiracist, and she’s not an idiot. Instead of crazy walls full of newspaper clippings, her house is decorated with dreamcatchers and her grandchildren’s drawings. After getting degrees in Applied Information Technology and Architectural Drafting from Capilano College in her hometown of Vancouver, she helped pioneer the “girl games” movement as a multimedia producer for game developer Purple Moon. In 2012, a biodynamic farming course at Rudolf Steiner College inspired her to quit her six-figure job as a financial controller and go back to the land.



Now, when she’s not laboring outside, she sells upcycled furniture, bakes pumpkin muffins and supplements her income with financial consulting services. She rarely discusses her beliefs unless prompted, though she occasionally reposts articles by so-called anti-vaxxers on Facebook.




She’s an example of how conspiracy theories, once a fringe obsession, have gone mainstream – and how “alternative facts” aren’t just for the right wing.


Before I left Lincoln Hills, Tammi and Rob let me interview them about their beliefs. I wanted to know how these socially progressive, educated and entrepreneurial organic farmers came to reject the authority of science – and what it would take to redirect their concerns toward real and dire environmental threats.



At the heart of it: Facebook

Facebook made a believer out of Tammi. When she moved to Lincoln in 2012, she’d never heard of chemtrails. Three years later, around the time her mare gave birth to twin mules, a post about a Facebook group called Sierra Nevada Geoengineering Awareness popped up in her newsfeed. Thinking it was related to agriculture, she joined the group.

The group’s 500 members post constantly about “aerosol attacks”, “toxic silver skies”, “mad men playing god with our weather, blocking our life-giving sun”.
The movement’s mantra is “LOOK UP”. Tammi obeyed. “I started looking up at the sky, noticing it was just crisscrossed.” When she told Rob about her discovery, he was convinced.


Tammi became “obsessed”. “I was taking pictures, videotaping the sky,” she says. “And I was like, I wish I didn’t know, because now that I know, it’s really making my heart sad.”
In early January, Tammi felt cautiously optimistic about how the Trump administration would affect organic farmers. Born in Canada, Tammi isn’t a US citizen, but given the option to vote – despite thinking Trump is “a prick” – she “probably would’ve picked him”. Given her environmentalism and hippie-dippy aesthetic, this shocked me.
While teaching me how to candy grapefruit peels, Tammi explained her optimism: Todd, her dairy farmer neighbor, claimed that “Trump promised to end chemtrails”.

Curious where Todd might’ve found this information, I Googled “Trump chemtrails”. It turned up a dubious news report from 16 January, which featured what looked like a screenshot of a tweet by Donald Trump: “My very first executive order will END the chemtrailing across America. #MAGA,” it read.


At first I couldn’t tell if the site was satirical, or whether the tweet was really authored by Trump – it wouldn’t have been the most outrageous missive from the man who once supported the “birther” theory.


Another Google search clarified that the tweet was impersonated. But if I’d encountered it as a middle-aged farmer worried about toxic clouds and untrained in spotting fake news, I probably would’ve told my friends that the president-elect had promised to end chemtrailing.



In a textbook case of confirmation bias, from 20-25 January, some members of Sierra Nevada Geoengineering Awareness claimed the skies were clearer than they’d been in months. Tammi read aloud a post dated 23 January: “Beautiful Blue Skies!!! I haven’t seen any Spraying Activity since Trump took office … Anyone else out there think that the ‘tide has turned?’”


Sabrina Lamont, a Lincoln Hills farmhand with a buzzcut and tattoos of her dogs’ names, says she became a conspiracist while working as a National Guard truck mechanic in Pennsylvania.

“To me, chemtrails aren’t that farfetched,” she says. To put her beliefs into context, she cites known examples of the military conducting secret human experiments – such as the time in 1950 when the army sprayed bacteria into San Francisco’s fog in a “simulated germ-warfare attack”, leaving one man dead.


Despite the protests of her wife, an ICU nurse with a “Love Trumps Hate” bumper sticker, Sabrina voted for Trump. “He’s not a stellar guy,” Sabrina says, “but I think he’s what America needs to wake up.”


A group plagued with infighting

Trump, ironically, may actually be on track to initiate the world’s first large-scale atmospheric spraying program – the type of planet-hacking that Tammi fears is already under way. In January, for the first time ever, a White House report submitted to Congress called for research into geoengineering. In March, climate scholars gathered in Washington to discuss cooling the planet by shooting aerosols into the stratosphere, among other potentially risky approaches.

Worryingly, geoengineering may emerge as this administration’s preferred approach to global warming,” Silvia Riberio, with technology watchdog ETC Group, told the Guardian in March. “In their view, building a big beautiful wall of sulphate in the sky could be a perfect excuse to allow uncontrolled fossil fuel extraction.”


In the months leading up to Trump’s election, Sierra Nevada Geoengineering Awareness was plagued with infighting. A faction of climate change deniers, feeling vindicated by Trump’s anti-establishment message, sparred with members who believe in human-accelerated climate change and thought a Trump presidency spelled doom.

“People are so divided, even within this movement,” says Lisa Thomas, creator and moderator of Sierra Nevada Geoengineering Awareness. “It’s difficult to find enough common ground to make progress.” In October, she called off the group’s monthly meetings.

A homeschooling mother of two, Lisa exemplifies how concern about geoengineering can become all-consuming. She’s spent the past four years spreading “geoengineering awareness” with missionary zeal.
One afternoon in 2014, for example, following what she calls “heavy spraying” which she says left a metallic sheen on the surfaces of her ponds and depleted the honeybee population around her Spanish lavender, Lisa drove into town and marched around holding a sign that said “LOOK UP”.
“See how the sky is a steely color?” Lisa says when I meet her at her home in Penn Valley. The sky is a normal-looking blue, cloudless and trail-less, but she insists this is “rare” and that “it used to be more turquoise”.


When she moved to California from Vermont 11 years ago, Lisa had a “Pollyanna streak”. “I used to salute the flag and get a tear in my eye,” she says. “I just didn’t know that the government would do the kind of stuff they do.”
When Lisa first heard about chemtrails, through neighbors and social media, she was skeptical. That changed on 14 April 2013, the exact date she says she noticed planes flying over her house, “whiting out the sky”. Afterward she claims her health began to deteriorate: “My hair started falling out, my asthma was terrible, I had sinus issues and headaches.” Her gardens, she says, also suffered: “There was a complete insect die-off. Anthracnose fungus on the oak trees. I found a frog with a missing leg and an elongated tailbone. I stayed inside for all of 2013. I didn’t go outside without wearing a mask.”


She believes these symptoms were caused by military aircraft from the nearby Beale Air Force Base conducting geoengineering experiments throughout Nevada County.


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