Before discussing PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION via SCIENTIFIC corruption of DARWIN'S EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES-----we will take one more day to show how these FAKE SCIENCE make their way into our US quality educational system----THE DUMBING DOWN OF AMERICA once having the strongest and highest quality of education in the world ----is
PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION------economic/geo-political policies with FAKE SCIENCE as evolutionary theory.
'and the USA is in the final stage of its rise and fall'.
We use the term US CITIES AS FAILED STATES courtesy CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA because this is PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION. The US was greatest in world history economy---quality of life----RULE OF LAW----morals and ethics----and then CLINTON.BUSH/OBAMA hit with PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION----killing all that and replacing it with sacking, looting, raping and pillaging.
Below we see LORD GOULD during BLAIR in UK which was CLINTON in US------capturing our 99% WE THE WORKERS PARTY-----in UK that was LABOUR PARTY---in US that was the REAL LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. Indeed, it was the DEATH of AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT I AM MAN----
'The Concept of Death in Philosophy and Experience: Martin ...theoxfordphilosopher.com/2016/08/03/the-concept... Philip Gould, a.k.a Lord Gould of Brookwood, was not a philosopher. His career was spent as a political analyst, and he was instrumental in the conduct of focus-group research for the Labour party, which contributed substantially to Tony Blair’s landslide win in the UK 1997 General Election'.
SOVEREIGN DEBT IS THE CALLING IN OF WORLD BANK/IMF AND COLONIZATION OF A THRIVING AMERICAN NATION.
Whether MARTIN ARMSTRONG or MATT CONE-----as sophists economic wheelers and dealers----all being FAKE NEWS FAKE DATA courtesy of TED TALKS-----same as CNN ----CAN'T KNOW NOTHING NEWS NETWORK.
We see this VIGILANTE OF DEMOCRACY ARMSTRONG at PRINCETON-----PRINCETON once was a strong, academic IVY LEAGUE university---now simply a global banking 1% FAKE NEWS FAKE DATA------PRODUCT MILL.
'Vigilante of Democracy |
Martin Armstrong | TEDxBattenkill
Extinction of Democracy and the Current Global Economy as a Result of Sovereign Debt and how to Prepare for the Future Economy. Martin Armstrong is an American economist best known for discovering the relationship between pi and the business cycle, expressed in his Economic Confidence Model. As the former Chairman of Princeton Economics ...'
MATT CONE is indeed a SOPHIST-----a sophist pretends to be telling the TRUTH---when in fact he is LYING----you know ----CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA
'Cinema ModeOff
The Abundance Model
| Matt Cone | TEDxCushingAcademy
Through this TED talk Matt Cone explains his economic model that includes three main aspects: Causes, People, and Magic. By implementing this life style Matt Cone discusses the beneficiary outcomes of a more fulfilled life. Matt Cone is the Chief Karmic Officer at RFX, Inc, as well as a philanthropist, and as seen from this talk, a philosophist ...'
'sophist - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.comwww.vocabulary.com/dictionary/sophistA sophist is someone who makes good points about an issue -- until you realize those points aren't entirely true, like a political candidate who twists an opponent's words or gives misleading facts during a speech'.
The Shift from West to the East
Posted Aug 5, 2014 by Martin Armstrong
The computer has done a pretty good job on forecasting the markets, but also the rise in the Cycle of War that seems to be exploding absolutely everywhere. All I can do is articulate what it is forecasting for nobody could possibly make such a forecast years in advance based solely upon opinion or even looking at a single region. Socrates even nailed down Ukraine and specifically targeted Crimea as the flash point that historically has been the launch pad for so many things right down to the entry point for the Black Death or Plague.
Nonetheless. another forecast that has been amazing is the rise of China and the shift of power from the West to the East. While everyone has been watching the geopolitical events in Iraq grabbing the headlines and the story in the Ukraine intermixed with the rising war in Gaza contrasted with on the business front the as the New York Stock Exchange displays the correction that the computer even pinpointed for July and to the week, there is another major trend that is subtle, yet confirming our long-term model.
Right now in the world we are watching a fundamental structural change taking place that is quietly and completely displaying the collapse in the West’s economic power. We are in the final stage of the rise in the dollar as war rages and the confrontation between the USA and Russia unfolds. These sanctions are the kiss of death long-term and will be what history marks as the straw that breaks the back of the United States’ economic power.
I have been writing for the past several years that the Financial Capital of the World will shift to China
'and the USA is in the final stage of its rise and fall.
The sanctions against Russia are stupid and they will destroy the economic growth of the West while shifting not just Russia, but many toward China. This is the shift of wealth and power to the east, the rise of the Yuan and its use in a growing number of global transactions in the place of the dollar. At the moment Russia is turning its economic head towards China and the developed world doing its best to do so too. And still the east is gaining ground and its share of global cash flow continues to expand. This is set to continue strongly in the broader-term, albeit near-term there is still an economic decline for China from which it will rise faster and stronger than the USA.
____________________________________________
Several centuries of LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVE LIBERAL CAPITALISM created a STEADY STATE ECONOMICS leading to the BEST WORLD HISTORY civilization-------PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION courtesy GOULD brought DARK AGES----global banking 1% released in the same 1990s-----JURASSIC PARK-----where PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION took these humans back to DARK AGES.
'Jurassic Park
| Movies In Order
moviesorder.com/jurassic-park
At a time where CGI was in its infancy, Jurassic Park generated all of the dinosaurs with computers, adding a whole new level of realism to this awesome movie. Ever since its release date in 1993, this franchise has been dominating many aspects of popular culture including books, comics, video games, and more'.
While the UNIVERSITY OF PA and STANFORD to which this author belongs produces FAKE DATA FAKE NEWS just as did GOULD----the media sensationalism happening today is simply preparing to MOVE FORWARD from PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION ---FLIPPING THE EARTH'S ECONOMIC AXIS----BRINGING US TO COLONIAL STATUS-----to ONE WORLD US FOREIGN ECONOMIC ZONES operating just as those in Asian nations.
WE ARE STILL GETTING DISHONESTY------SIMPLY REPLACING ONE SET OF FALSE FLAGS WITH ANOTHER.
“I just didn’t trust Gould,” he said. “I had the feeling that his ideological stance was supreme. When the 1996 version of ‘The Mismeasure of Man’ came and he never even bothered to mention Michael’s study, I just felt he was a charlatan.”
MORTON as EUGENIST is not exonerated as FAKE DATA himself----the BRAIN SIZE tied to RACISM is still WIDELY UNACCEPTED.
DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION PLACES ALL HOMO SAPIENS AS DEVELOPMENTALLY THE SAME-------
This article never brings the goals of PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION as geo-political/economic model----it simply defends MORTON as EUGENIST ----MORTON was WRONG with that hypothesis.
GOULD WAS A EUGENIST JUST LIKE THE GLOBAL BANKING 1% PLAYERS IN THIS PHOTO
Scientists Measure the Accuracy of a Racism Claim
By NICHOLAS WADEJUNE 13, 2011
Janet Monge of the Penn Museum examines some of the Morton collection skulls with her colleague, Alan Mann. Credit Penn Museum, Philadelphia
Scientists have often been accused of letting their ideology influence their results, and one of the most famous cases is that of Morton’s skulls — the global collection amassed by the 19th-century physical anthropologist Samuel George Morton.
In a 1981 book, “The Mismeasure of Man,” the paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould asserted that Morton, believing that brain size was a measure of intelligence, had subconsciously manipulated the brain volumes of European, Asian and African skulls to favor his bias that Europeans had larger brains and Africans smaller ones.
But now physical anthropologists at the University of Pennsylvania, which owns Morton’s collection, have remeasured the skulls, and in an article that does little to burnish Dr. Gould’s reputation as a scholar, they conclude that almost every detail of his analysis is wrong.
“Our results resolve this historical controversy, demonstrating that Morton did not manipulate his data to support his preconceptions, contra Gould,” they write in the current PLoS Biology.
Dr. Gould, who died in 2002, based his attack on the premise that Morton believed that brain size was correlated with intelligence. But there is no evidence that Morton believed this or was trying to prove it, said Jason E. Lewis, the leader of the Pennsylvania team. Rather, Morton was measuring his skulls to study human variation, as part of his inquiry into whether God had created the human races separately (a lively issue before Darwin decreed that everyone belonged to the same species).
In his book, Dr. Gould contended that Morton’s results were “a patchwork of fudging and finagling in the clear interest of controlling a priori convictions.” This fudging was not deliberate, Dr. Gould said, but rather an instance of unconscious doctoring of data, a practice he believed was “rampant, endemic and unavoidable” in science. His finding is widely cited as an instance of scientific bias and fallibility.
But the Penn team finds Morton’s results were neither fudged nor influenced by his convictions. They identified and remeasured half of the skulls used in his reports, finding that in only 2 percent of cases did Morton’s measurements differ significantly from their own. These errors either were random or gave a larger than accurate volume to African skulls, the reverse of the bias that Dr. Gould imputed to Morton.
“These results falsify the claim that Morton physically mismeasured crania based on his a priori biases,” the Pennsylvania team writes.
Dr. Gould did not measure any of the skulls himself but merely did a paper reanalysis of Morton’s results. He accused Morton of various subterfuges, like leaving out subgroups to manipulate a group’s overall score. When these errors were corrected, Dr. Gould said, “there are no differences to speak of among Morton’s races.”
But Dr. Gould himself omitted subgroups in his own reanalysis, and made various errors in his calculations. When these are corrected, the differences between the racial categories recognized by Morton are as he assigned them. “Ironically, Gould’s own analysis of Morton is likely the stronger example of a bias influencing results,” the Pennsylvania team writes.
Dr. Lewis, the lead author, said that on checking the references for some of Dr. Gould’s accusations he found that Morton had not made the errors attributed to him. “Those elements of Gould’s work were surprising,” he said. “I can’t say if they were deliberate.”
Dr. Lewis, who is now at Stanford University, began the project while at Penn.
An earlier study by John S. Michael, then an undergraduate at Macalester College in St. Paul, concluded that Morton’s results were “reasonably accurate,” with no clear sign of manipulation. But when others suggested Dr. Gould had been refuted, Philip Kitcher, a philosopher of science at Columbia University, rode to his defense.
“It is not entirely evident that one should prefer the measurements of an undergraduate to those of professional paleontologist,” he wrote in 2004. “Pending further measurement of the skulls and further analysis of the data, it seems best to let this grubby affair rest in a footnote.”
Dr. Kitcher said last week that the Penn team had done a “very careful job” and that “it’s a nice thing that undergraduate work gets vindicated.”
As for the new finding’s bearing on Dr. Gould’s reputation, Dr. Kitcher said: “Steve doesn’t come out as a rogue but as someone who makes mistakes. If Steve were around he would probably defend himself with great ingenuity.”
But Ralph L. Holloway, an expert on human evolution at Columbia and a co-author of the new study, was less willing to give Dr. Gould benefit of the doubt.
“I just didn’t trust Gould,” he said. “I had the feeling that his ideological stance was supreme. When the 1996 version of ‘The Mismeasure of Man’ came and he never even bothered to mention Michael’s study, I just felt he was a charlatan.”
_________________________________________
So, why does U of PA and STANFORD want to debunk GOULD right now? GOULD is same global banking 1% player creating FAKE DATA FAKE NEWS just as these global corporate campuses.
U of PA as STANFORD are EUGENISTS/TRANSHUMANISTS just as MORTON----and GOULD. The DEBUNKING of what academics knew back in 1990s ---NOW----has to do with MOVING FORWARD US as third world colonialism--------and introduction of CHINESE SOCIAL CREDIT SCORE-----GLOBAL CORPORATE MARXISM. GOULD as philosopher---GOULD as SCIENTIST-----created PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION leading to this goal.
'I have been writing for the past several years that the Financial Capital of the World will shift to China.....and the USA is in the final stage of its rise and fall'.
The US is now a third world nation----we have been gutted of government/judicial system/US TREASURY assets------AND exist under a global private military as HOMELAND SECURITY replacing our CIVIL SOCIETY with MILITARIZED society.
This the the TOTAL OPPOSITE of who we were as a nation---ergo, GOULD'S PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION as geo-political and economic theory.
'Gilley compares countries that suffered under anti-colnialization, such as Guinea-Bissau, comparing its fate to countries, that, in his assessment embraced their colonial heritage such as Singapore.
Gilley calls for instances of recolonialization, in the hope of creating new Singapores and Hong Kongs'.
The coast of OREGON is beautiful but somehow we as US 99% of WE THE PEOPLE allowed OLD WORLD KINGS to kill all of what we built these 300 years with US citizens partnering in this process because they PLEDGED to some GREEK OR FREEMASONRY group.
THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGENCE TO THE UNITED STATES WAS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO GUARD AGAINST THAT PLEDGE TO OLD WORLD KINGS----
This ends GOULD'S PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION tied to geo-political/economics and issues in PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION as GMO HUMANS-----the FORCED PHYSICAL changes of human evolution.
Third World Quarterly publishes “The Case for Colonialism” leading to censorship demands
Posted by Occam's Razor Sunday, September 17, 2017 at 8:00pm
Demands for retraction, to fire the journal editors, even to fire author and to revoke his PhD.
Bruce Gilley of Portland State University (image above) published an article titled “The Case for Colonialism” in the decidedly anti-Colonial journal Third World Quarterly (home of the Edward Said Award).
In its self-description, Third World Quarterly writes:
TWQ examines all the issues that affect the many Third Worlds and is not averse to publishing provocative and exploratory articles, especially if they have the merit of opening up emerging areas of research that have not been given sufficient attention.
Gilley is no newcomer to controversy.
Just last month, Gilley published a piece in Minding the Campus on his resignation from the American Political Science Association (ASPCA), over its lack of ‘viewpoint diversity’ (Gilley self-identifies in that piece as an independent and swing voter)
In the Third World Quarterly piece, Gilley argues that, contrary to conventional wisdom, Western colonialism was
“as a general rule, both objectively beneficial and subjectively legitimate in most of the places where it was found.”
Gilley doesn’t claim that colonialism was free of costs and human suffering, rather that, when judging the legacy (and desirability) of colonialism, the costs must be measured against the benefits and must be judged on how colonialism fared relative to what would have happened in its absence (and what happened in its wake).
Countries that “embraced their colonial inheritance” did better “by and large” than those that “spurned it” and “anti-colonial ideology” has done grave harm to these countries, Gilley argues. Gilley advocates the “reclaiming of colonial modes of governance”, including, in some instances “recolonization” (with the consent of those colonized).
The notion that colonialism is always and everywhere a bad thing needs to be rethought in light of the grave human toll of a century of anti-colonial regimes and policies. The case for Western colonialism is about rethinking the past as well as improving the future. It involves reaffirming the primacy of human lives, universal values, and shared responsibilities – the civilising mission without scare quotes – that led to improvements in living conditions for most Third World peoples during most episodes of Western colonialism. It also involves learning how to unlock those benefits again. Western and non-Western countries should reclaim the colonial toolkit and language as part of their commitment to effective governance and international order.
…Research that is careful in conceptualising and measuring controls, that establishes a feasible counterfactual, that includes multiple dimensions of costs and benefits weighted in some justified way, and that adheres to basic epistemic virtues often finds that at least some if not many or most episodes of Western colonialism were a net benefit…Such works have found evidence for significant social, economic and political gains under colonialism: expanded education, improved public health, the abolition of slavery, widened employment opportunities, improved administration, the creation of basic infrastructure, female rights, enfranchisement of untouchable or historically excluded communities, fair taxation, access to capital, the generation of historical and cultural knowledge, and national identify formation, to mention just a few dimensions.
…Anti-colonial critics simply assert that colonialism was … ‘a foreign imposition lacking popular legitimacy’. Yet until very late, European colonialism appears to have been highly legitimate and for good reasons. Millions of people moved closer to areas of more intensive colonial rule, sent their children to colonial schools and hospitals, went beyond the call of duty in positions in colonial governments, reported crimes to colonial police, migrated from non-colonised to colonised areas, fought for colonial armies and participated in colonial political processes – all relatively voluntary acts. Indeed, the rapid spread and persistence of Western colonialism with very little force relative to the populations and areas concerned is prima facie evidence of its acceptance by subject populations compared to the feasible alternative…
Anti-colonialism, itself, argues Gilley, had its costs
It is hard to overstate the pernicious effects of global anti-colonialism on domestic and international affairs since the end of World War II. Anti-colonialism ravaged countries as nationalist elites mobilised illiterate populations with appeals to destroy the market economies, pluralistic and constitutional polities, and rational policy processes of European colonisers. In our ‘age of apology’ for atrocities, one of the many conspicuous silences has been an apology for the many atrocities visited upon Third World peoples by anti-colonial advocates.
Gilley compares countries that suffered under anti-colnialization, such as Guinea-Bissau, comparing its fate to countries, that, in his assessment embraced their colonial heritage such as Singapore. Gilley calls for instances of recolonialization, in the hope of creating new Singapores and Hong Kongs.
___________________________________________
Below we see the discussions surrounding GOULD'S PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION tied to goals of TRANSHUMANISM. Now, the US 99.9% of WE THE PEOPLE living in the BEST IN WORLD HISTORY quality of life---domestic economy ----best public education and public health system ever---would never allow MOVING FORWARD BACK TO DARK AGES TRANSHUMANISM. This is why PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION had to occur via GEO-POLITICAL ECONOMICS------AKA CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA before the TRANSHUMANIST as SCIENCE GMO HUMANS took hold.
We discussed these several years how AFFORDABLE CARE ACT and creating NEW EVIDENCE-BASED SCIENCE DATA with all the RADIATION IMPLANTS----making US citizens SICKO-----was leading to the wholesale promotion of TRANSHUMANISM as the opposite of DYSTOPIA which it is.
'For instance just imagine if the type divisions went by brand lines '
The sale of TRANSHUMANISM as UTOPIA-----all about well-being---wellness-----superior humans is the next round of GOULD FAKE DATA FAKE SCIENCE------with PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION leading to DOG BREEDS OF HUMANS------those .00014% of global people creating SUB-SPECIES OF HOMO-SAPIENS -----taking the WOLF---CANUS ------as HOMO-SAPIEN as HUMAN-----to domesticated breeds of DOGS----as sub-species of HUMANS.
'These body augmentation capabilities will give rise to humans that are more resilient, optimized and continually monitored'.....risk of a stratified human race based on those who can afford augmentations and those who cannot'.
This constant referral to augmentations being VOLUNTARY-----being SOUGHT AFTER by natural humans is GOULD'S FOOLED YOU AGAIN PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION. Everything said above is FALSE FLAG. There is no intention of creating SUPER-HUMANS. The SUPER-DUPER BIG DEAD HEAD-----as the BRAIN OF SHIP OF FOOLS shows artificial intelligence as ROBOTICS will be the WINNERS in this race to KILL HUMANITY.
The goals of TRANSHUMANISM is DE-POPULATION---mutilating the human body so badly people die, cannot reproduce, have shortened life spans as TRANSHUMANISM as robotics and artificial intelligence MOVES FORWARD.
Below we see this very question----YES, we will end up with different SUBTYPES-----SUB-SPECIES of augmented humans which will be NON-SUB-----BENEATH not SUPERIOR. Remember, the WOLF is still superior to our domesticated dogs.
'Posted 13 February 2016 - 05:43 AMApophis 2036
Could transhuman technology and genetic modification get to the point where we end up with different 'subtypes' of humans based on how the original homo sapiens model has been altered?
I imagine there are all sorts of ways to change / improve the human body, with differing benefits and side-effects. Would methods compete on a market? What differing manifestations might transhumanism take'?
'Correct me if I'm wrong, but I always thought transhumans were made, not born. That augmentation was a choice that each individual makes for him or herself. Which would kind of prevent the formation of subspecies, unless we consciously decide to create them, which would be genetic engineering, not transhumanism'.
Well he did say 'subtypes', not 'subspecies'. Rather than every transhuman being completely different from most others, they could be classifiable based on the paradigm by which they choose what types of augmentations they favor and avoid (inconspicuous modifications only people, genetic modifications only people, military grade cyborgs, etc).
THERE WILL BE NO CHOICE-------THESE AUGMENTATIONS WILL BE DONE VIA 'NO SEX' PROCREATION-----OR NATURAL HUMANS TESTED AT 3 YEARS IN PRE-SCHOOL FOR VOCATIONAL APTITUDE WILL BE AUGMENTED FOR THAT VOCATION ----NOY DECIDED BY PARENT OR CHILD.
We don't cherish the GMO vegetation ------we cherish the HEIRLOOMS----THE NATURAL PLANT.
It really depends strongly on what kind of turns the future will take. For instance just imagine if the type divisions went by brand lines - and transhumans would be either Apples or Googles ...
Here's a quick and dirty classification scheme from me.
Abilities:
1. Sub-baseline (reduced from baseline in one or more ways).
2. Baseline (includes equivalent sub/super-baseline mixes).
3. Super-baseline (one or more abilities above baseline).
Form of modification(s) (not all are mutually exclusive):
A. Biological.
B. Mechanical.
C. Digital (uploads).
D. Fluid (changing from form to form).
E. Hybrid (combination of some or all of the above).
______________________________________________
THE NEXT BIG LIE-----FROM TRANSHUMANIST AS PUNCTUATED EVOLUTION is this:
There is no stopping this-----climate change necessitates all these GMO HUMAN AUGMENTATIONS. We discuss often the FAKE NEWS FAKE DATA surrounding CLIMATE CHANGE----it is the GOULD'S PUNCTUATED EVOLUTIONARY FAKERY of 21st century.
None of these AUGMENTATIONS will be necessary because of CLIMATE CHANGE------but, global banking 1% have the audacity to start RENAMING THE COMING EPOCH------called ANTHROPOCENE PERIOD.
'Form of modification(s) (not all are mutually exclusive):
A. Biological.
B. Mechanical.
C. Digital (uploads).
D. Fluid (changing from form to form).
E. Hybrid (combination of some or all of the above)'.
This is the next FAKE SCIENCE FAKE DATA of GOULD'S PUCTUATED EVOLUTION-------using this CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE filled with FAKE DATA and FAKE DISASTEROUS FUTURE for HUMANS making TRANSHUMANISM a SOCIAL BENEFIT instead of DYSTOPIA
'The proposition was first made back in 2000 by Nobel Prize-winning atmospheric chemist, Paul Crutzen. He coined a neologism, 'the Anthropocene', because he believed that people (the Anthropos) were transforming the hydro-, cryo-, pedo-, bio- and atmosphere so much that the Holocene was ending. The Holocene is the inter-glacial epoch in which humans have flourished, starting about 11,700 years ago'.
PAUL CRUTZEN will in a few decades be the next GOULD-----found to be a FAKE---a CHARLETON -----all promoting the goals of GMO HUMANS as SPACE MINING COLONY SLAVES.
General
An early concept for the Anthropocene was the Noosphere by Vladimir Vernadsky, who in 1938 wrote of "scientific thought as a geological force."[14] Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have used the term "anthropocene" as early as the 1960s to refer to the Quaternary, the most recent geological period.[15] Ecologist Eugene F. Stoermer subsequently used "anthropocene" with a different sense in the 1980s[16] and the term was widely popularised in 2000 by atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen,[17] who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth's atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological epoch.
An early concept for the Anthropocene was the Noosphere by Vladimir Vernadsky, who in 1938 wrote of "scientific thought as a geological force."[14] Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have used the term "anthropocene" as early as the 1960s to refer to the Quaternary, the most recent geological period.[15] Ecologist Eugene F. Stoermer subsequently used "anthropocene" with a different sense in the 1980s[16] and the term was widely popularised in 2000 by atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen,[17] who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth's atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological epoch.
In 2008, the Stratigraphy Commission of the Geological Society of London considered a proposal to make the Anthropocene a formal unit of geological epoch divisions.[4][18] A majority of the commission decided the proposal had merit and should be examined further. Independent working groups of scientists from various geological societies have begun to determine whether the Anthropocene will be formally accepted into the Geological Time Scale.[19]
The term "anthropocene" is informally used in scientific contexts.[20] The Geological Society of America entitled its 2011 annual meeting: Archean to Anthropocene: The past is the key to the future.[21] The new epoch has no agreed start-date, but one proposal, based on atmospheric evidence, is to fix the start with the Industrial Revolution ca. 1780, with the invention of the steam engine.[18][22] Other scientists link the new term to earlier events, such as the rise of agriculture and the Neolithic Revolution (around 12,000 years BP). Evidence of relative human impact – such as the growing human influence on land use, ecosystems, biodiversity, and species extinction – is substantial; scientists think that human impact has significantly changed (or halted) the growth of biodiversity.[23][24][25][26][27] Those arguing for earlier dates posit that the proposed Anthropocene may have begun as early as 14,000–15,000 years before present, based on geologic evidence; this has led other scientists to suggest that "the onset of the Anthropocene should be extended back many thousand years";[28]:1 this would be essentially synonymous with the current term, Holocene.
The Trinity test in 1945 has been proposed as the start of the Anthropocene.
In January 2015, 26 of the 38 members of the International Anthropocene Working Group published a paper suggesting the Trinity test on 16 July 1945 as the starting point of the proposed new epoch.[29] However, a significant minority supports one of several alternative dates.[29] A March 2015 report suggested either 1610 or 1964 as the beginning of Anthropocene.[30] Other scholars point to the diachronous character of the physical strata of the Anthropocene, arguing that onset and impact are spread out over time, not reducible to a single instant or date of start.[31]
A January 2016 report on the climatic, biological, and geochemical signatures of human activity in sediments and ice cores suggested the era since the mid-20th century should be recognised as a geological epoch distinct from the Holocene.[32]
The Anthropocene Working Group met in Oslo in April 2016 to consolidate evidence supporting the argument for the Anthropocene as a true geologic epoch.
Evidence was evaluated and the group voted to recommend "Anthropocene" as the new geological age in August 2016.[9] Should the International Commission on Stratigraphy approve the recommendation, the proposal to adopt the term will have to be ratified by the IUGS before its formal adoption as part of the geologic time scale.[8]
_______________________________________
OH, I SEE---THIS IS WHAT TRANSHUMANISTS SEE AS CLIMATE CHANGE-------well, all that AUGMENTATION to be a space colonial mining slave ------that is the goals of HOMO SAPIENS having SUB-SPECIES of GMO BREEDS.
CLIMATE CHANGE---CLIMATE CHANGE ---CLIMATE CHANGE----------is MARS' CLIMATE folks.
You mean all this FAKE SCIENCE and FALSE FLAGS about TRANSHUMANISM being SOCIAL BENEFIT to save us from CLIMATE CHANGE ON EARTH is all a LIE? It is about CLIMATE CHANGE for humans sent to MARS? YOU BETCHA----and GMO HUMANS as SUB-SPECIES of HOMO -SAPIENS will exist on EARTH as SLAVE LABOR thanks to far-right wing, global banking 1% global corporate MARXISM.
No SOCIAL BENEFIT to be found. We can see why all RELIGION needs to die---and only ATHEISTS/SATANISTS need apply.
What is the Weather like on Mars?
Welcome back to our planetary weather series! Today, we take a look at Earth’s neighbor and possible “backup location” for humanity someday – Mars!
Mars is often referred to as “Earth’s Twin”, due to the similarities it has with our planet. They are both terrestrial planets, both have polar ice caps, and (at one time) both had viable atmospheres and liquid water on their surfaces. But beyond that, the two are quite different. And when it comes to their atmospheres and climates, Mars stands apart from Earth in some rather profound ways.
For instance, when it comes to the weather on Mars, the forecast is usually quite dramatic. Not only does Martian weather vary from day to day, it sometimes varies from hour to hour. That seems a bit unusual for a planet that has an atmosphere that is only 1% as dense as the Earth’s. And yet, Mars manages to really up the ante when it comes to extreme weather and meteorological phenomena.
Mars’ Atmosphere:
Mars has a very thin atmosphere which is composed of 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen, along with traces of oxygen and water. The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates that measure 1.5 micrometers in diameter, which is what gives the Martian sky its tawny color when seen from the surface. Mars’ atmospheric pressure ranges from 0.4 to 0.87 kPa, which is the equivalent of about 1% of Earth’s at sea level.
Because of this thin atmosphere, and its greater distance from the Sun, the surface temperature of Mars is much colder than what we experience here on Earth. The planet’s average temperature is -63 °C (-82 °F), with a low of -143 °C (-226 °F) during the winter at the poles, and a high of 35 °C (95 °F) during summer and midday at the equator.
Due to the extreme lows in temperature at the poles, 25-30% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere freezes and becomes dry ice that is deposited on the surface. While the polar ice caps are predominantly water, the Martian North Pole has a layer of dry ice measuring one meter thick in winter, while the South Pole is covered by a permanent layer that is eight meters deep.
Trace amounts of methane and ammonia have also been detected in the Martian atmosphere. In the case of the former, it has an estimated concentration of about 30 parts per billion (ppb), though the Curiosity rover detected a “tenfold spike” on December 16th, 2014. This detection was likely localized, and the source remains a mystery. Similarly, the source of ammonia is unclear, though volcanic activity has been suggested as a possibility.
Meteorological Phenomena:
Mars is also famous for its intense dust storms, which can range from small tornadoes to planet-wide phenomena. Instances of the latter coincide with dust being blown into the atmosphere, causing it to be heated up from the Sun. The warmer dust-filled air rises and the winds get stronger, creating storms that can measure up to thousands of kilometers in width and last for months at a time. When they get this large, they can actually block most of the surface from view.
Image capturing an active dust storm on Mars. Image credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSSDue to its thin atmosphere, low temperatures and lack of a magnetosphere, liquid precipitation (i.e. rain) does not take place on Mars. Basically, solar radiation would cause any liquid water in the atmosphere to disassociate into hydrogen and oxygen. And because of the cold and thin atmosphere, there is simply not enough liquid water on the surface to maintain a water cycle.
Occasionally, however, thin clouds do form in the atmosphere and precipitation falls in the form of snow. This consists primarily of carbon dioxide snow, which has been observed in the polar regions. However, small traces of frozen clouds carrying water have also been observed in Mars’ upper atmosphere in the past, producing snow that is restricted to high altitudes.
One such instance was observed on September 29th, 2008, when the Phoenix lander took pictures of snow falling from clouds that were 4 km (2.5 mi) above its landing site near the Heimdal Crater. However, data collected from the lander indicated that the precipitation vaporized before it could reach the ground.
Aurorae on Mars:
Auroras have also been detected on Mars, which are also the result of interaction between magnetic fields and solar radiation. While Mars has little magnetosphere to speak of, scientists determined that aurorae observed in the past corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized on the planet. This was concluded by analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor.
Mars has magnetized rocks in its crust that create localized, patchy magnetic fields (left). In the illustration at right, we see how those fields extend into space above the rocks. At their tops, auroras can form. Credit: NASAA notable example is the one that took place on August 14th, 2004, and which was spotted by the SPICAM instrument aboard the Mars Express. This aurora was located in the skies above Terra Cimmeria – at geographic coordinates 177° East, 52° South – and was estimated to be quite sizable, measuring 30 km across and 8 km high (18.5 miles across and 5 miles high).
More recently, an aurora was observed on Mars by the MAVEN mission, which captured images of the event on March 17th, 2015, just a day after an aurora was observed here on Earth. Nicknamed Mars’ “Christmas lights”, they were observed across the planet’s mid-northern latitudes and (owing to the lack of oxygen and nitrogen in Mars’ atmosphere) were likely a faint glow compared to Earth’s more vibrant display.
To date, Mars’ atmosphere, climate and weather patterns have been studied by dozens of orbiters, landers, and rovers, consisting of missions by NASA, Roscomos, as well as the European Space Agency and Indian federal space program. These include the Mariner 4 probe, which conducted the first flyby of Mars – a two-day operation that took place between July 14th and 15th, 1965.
The crude data it obtained was expanded on by the later later Mariner 6 and 7 missions (which conducted flybys in 1969). This was followed by the Viking 1 and 2 missions, which reached Mars in 1976 and became the first spacecraft to land on the planet and send back images of the surfaces.
Since the turn of the century, six orbiters have been placed in orbit around Mars to gather information on its atmosphere – 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, Mars Orbiter Mission and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. These have been complimented by rover and lander missions like Pheonix, Spirit and Opportunity, and Curiosity.
In the future, several additional missions are scheduled to reach the Red Planet, which are expected to teach us even more about its atmosphere, climate and weather patterns. What we find will reveal much about the planet’s deep past, its present condition, and perhaps even help us to build a future there.
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