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January 30th, 2020

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A DISDAIN FOR INHERITED WEALTH SAYS CARNEGIE-----

This REAL LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVE LIBERAL CAPITALIST as too our US founding fathers----knew taxing the rich heavily ---corporations/people was the key to making sure the next generation has that FREE MARKET EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND ACCESS.

This week we are discussing SYMBOLS----SYMBOLISM as we did with THREE PIGS-------THE HOLE---cultural arts is where global banking 1% sells its SYMBOLS and we know----global banking 1% is THE DEVIL/THE PIG-----we don't like their symbols.

CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA dismantled ALL of FDR era ----that is CARNEGIE regulations and taxation which held to this ETHOS-----because global banking 1% OLD WORLD KINGS wanted extreme and extreme poverty. So, all US LIBRARIES from FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL are being PRIVATIZED----those dastardly PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS.

Are you really paying taxes or getting rid of inherited wealth----if you control the institution with FOUNDATIONS tied to extreme wealth?




THE PUBLIC LIBRARY IS A SYMBOL-----OF AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT---I AM MAN------REAL LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVE LIBERAL CAPITALISM.



'A new day for your -
Enoch Pratt Free Library

www.prattlibrary.org/uploadedfiles/www/about/...

to get a Pratt Library card. 1904 – 1905 The Central Library creates a public card catalog. 1905 – 1908 Andrew Carnegie donates $300,000 to the Library to build new library branches in memory of his mentor, Enoch Pratt. 1927 Baltimore voters approved (by a margin of almost 3 to 1!) a $3 million loan to build a new Central Library building. 1931'








What hundreds of American public libraries owe to Carnegie’s disdain for inherited wealth


October 10, 2017 8.29pm EDT
Author
  1. Arlene Weismantel Senior Associate Director, Libraries, Michigan State University
Disclosure statement




Arlene Weismantel does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.



Partners

Michigan State University provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation US.

The same ethos that turned Andrew Carnegie into one of the biggest philanthropists of all time made him a fervent proponent of taxing big inheritances.

As the steel magnate wrote in his seminal 1899 essay, The Gospel of Wealth:




“Of all forms of taxation this seems the wisest. By taxing estates heavily at death the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire’s unworthy life.”


Carnegie argued that handing large fortunes to the next generation wasted money, as it was unlikely that descendants would match the exceptional abilities that had created the wealth into which they were born. He also surmised that dynasties harm heirs by robbing their lives of purpose and meaning.




He practiced what he preached and was still actively giving in 1911 after he had already given away 90 percent of his wealth to causes he cared passionately about, especially libraries. As a pioneer of the kind of large-scale American philanthropy now practiced by the likes of Bill Gates and George Soros, he espoused a philosophy that many of today’s billionaires who want to leave their mark through good works are still following.


The Medford, Oregon public library, depicted in this postcard, is a classic example of Carnegie library architecture. Offbeatoregon.com



A modest upbringing


The U.S. government had taxed estates for brief periods ever since the days of the Founders, but the modern estate tax took root only a few years before Carnegie died in 1919.


That was one reason why the great philanthropist counseled his fellow ultra-wealthy Americans to give as much of their money away as they could to good causes – including the one he revolutionized: public libraries. As a librarian who has held many leadership roles in Michigan, where Carnegie funded the construction of 61 libraries, I am always mindful of his legacy.


Carnegie’s modest upbringing helped inspire his philanthropy, which left its mark on America’s cities large and small. After mechanization had put his father out of work, Carnegie’s family immigrated from Dunfermline, Scotland, to the U.S. in 1848, where they settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania.


The move ended his formal education, which had begun when he was eight years old. Carnegie, then 13, went to work as a bobbin boy in a textile factory to help pay the family’s bills. He couldn’t afford to buy books and he had no way to borrow them in a country that would have 637 public libraries only half a century later.
In 1850, Carnegie, by then working as a messenger, learned that iron manufacturer Colonel James Anderson let working boys visit his 400-volume library on Saturdays. Among those books, “the windows were opened in the walls of my dungeon through which the light of knowledge streamed in,” Carnegie wrote, explaining how the experience both thrilled him and changed his life.



Books kept him and other boys “clear of low fellowship and bad habits,” Carnegie said later. He called that library the source of his largely informal education.



Carnegie eventually built a monument to honor Anderson. The inscription credits Anderson with founding free libraries in western Pennsylvania and opening “the precious treasures of knowledge and imagination through which youth may ascend.”



This postage stamp depicted the steelmaker in a library, halfway through a book.



Supporting communities


Carnegie believed in exercising discretion and care with charitable largess. People who became too dependent on handouts were unwilling to improve their lot in life and didn’t deserve them, in his opinion. Instead, he sought to “use wealth so as to be really beneficial to the community.”


For the industrial titan, that meant supporting the institutions that empower people to pull themselves up by their bootstraps like universities, hospitals and, above all, libraries.


In Carnegie’s view, “the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves.” Free libraries were, in Carnegie’s opinion, among the best ways to lend a hand to anyone who deserved it.


Carnegie built 2,509 libraries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, 1,679 of them across the U.S. in nearly every state. All told, he spent US$55 million of his wealth on libraries. Adjusted for inflation, that would top $1.3 billion today.




Some were grand but about 70 percent of these libraries served towns of less than 10,000 and cost less than $25,000 (at that time) to build.


A lasting legacy

Through Carnegie’s philanthropy, libraries became pillars of civic life and the nation’s educational system.


More than 770 of the original Carnegie libraries still function as public libraries today and others are landmarks housing museums or serving other public functions. More importantly, the notion that libraries should provide everyone with the opportunity to freely educate and improve themselves is widespread.


I believe that Carnegie would be impressed with how libraries have adapted to carry out his cherished mission of helping people rise by making computers available to those without them, hosting job fairs and offering resume assistance among other services.



Public libraries in Michigan, for example, host small business resource centers, hold seminars and provide resources for anyone interested in starting their own businesses. The statewide Michigan eLibrary reinforces this assistance through its online offerings.



The Michigan eLibrary, however, gets federal funding through the Institute of Museum and Library Services. And the Trump administration has tried to gut this spending on local libraries. Given Carnegie’s passions, he surely would have opposed those cuts, along with the bid by President Donald Trump and Republican lawmakers to get rid of the estate tax.


George Soros, right, eyed the busts of Andrew Carnegie on a mantel, as he sat with the late David Rockefeller in 2001 when they were among the first recipients of the Carnegie Medals of Philanthropy. AP Photo/Richard Drew


Outside of government, Carnegie’s ideas about philanthropy are still making a difference. In the Giving Pledge, contemporary billionaires, including Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett, have promised to give away at least half of their wealth during their lifetimes to benefit the greater good instead of leaving it to their heirs.


OH, REALLY????



Following in Carnegie’s footsteps, the Gates family has supported internet access for libraries in low-income communities and libraries located abroad. Several billionaires, including Buffett, have publicly professed their support for the estate tax. A philosophy of giving and public responsibility may be one of Carnegie’s most enduring legacies.
_________________________________________


CARNEGIE and his GIVING PLEDGE created institutions dedicated to server all 99% of WE THE PEOPLE black, white, and brown citizens.  For almost a century these PUBLIC LIBRARIES-----as PUBLIC SCHOOLS ---as PUBLIC HOSPITALS AND CLINICS did indeed serve THE PEOPLE as a TRUE GIFT would do.

Today, we have the opposite with GIFT GIVING simply meaning TAX EVASION as billionaires seek to KEEP that wealth while pretending to donate.

GATES/BUFFETT ----THE GOOD BILLIONAIRES OF ROBBER BARON FAME-----used their wealth to built PHARMA/TECHNOLOGY GLOBAL CORPORATIONS ----having a goal of EXTREME WEALTH EXTREME POVERTY DEEP DEEP REALLY STATE----STANFORD TOTAL PRISON MODEL.

That is quite different from CARNEGIE---PRATT because these ROBBER BARONS were REAL LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVE LIBERAL CAPITALISTS while GATES/BUFFETT are building far-right wing global corporate MARXISM----

THEY WANT TO KEEP THAT WEALTH AND BUILD EMPIRE TO THE EXCLUSION OF PEOPLE.


'In the Giving Pledge, contemporary billionaires, including Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett, have promised to give away at least half of their wealth during their lifetimes to benefit the greater good instead of leaving it to their heirs'.

As CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMBA eliminated ALL FDR ---CARNEGIE ethos of disdain for INHERITANCE-----making sure today's billionaire families KEEP THEIR WEALTH-----they create another SYMBOL-----this is the GIVING PLEDGE complete with a HEART SIGN.

This is the continuous FAKE ANGEL NETWORK funding of start ups -----foundations doing research patenting that for corporate wealth taking ALL MONEY out of our economy.


All FDR era control of wealth dismantled----and all US 99.9% of WE THE PEOPLE get-------is a HEART SYMBOL and the DEVIL'S HORNS meaning LOVE.


Has the
Giving Pledge
Changed Giving?



A proposal unveiled nearly a decade ago was intended to turbocharge philanthropy.


There’s little evidence so far it’s doing that.


By Marc Gunther
June 4, 2019



Ten years ago, an all-star team of philanthropists, including Bill and Melinda Gates, Warren Buffett, Ted Turner, Michael Bloomberg, Charles Feeney, George Soros, Eli Broad, and Oprah Winfrey, came together for a private dinner in New York. Their collective net worth: roughly $130 billion. The question on the table: how to give it away — and how to persuade others to do the same.



How Much U.S. Giving Pledge Members Donate to Their Foundations


DATA: Find out what they give annually, plus their foundations’ assets and grant making and the donors’ estimated net worth: an interactive guide.


Bill and Melinda Gates and Buffett had drawn up the guest list. The late David Rockefeller served as host. They laid the groundwork that night for the Giving Pledge, an effort that, when it was announced a year later, was hailed as "the biggest fundraising drive in history." The Giving Pledge is a public, nonbinding promise made by rich people around the world to dedicate more than half of their wealth to charitable causes during their lifetimes or in their wills.



The founders were Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft, and his wife, Melinda, and Buffett, the renowned investor and their friend of many years. Buffett had already pledged to give away the vast majority of his wealth — at $37 billion, one of the largest gifts in history — with most of it going to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.



The Giving Pledge was to become the capstone of their philanthropic partnership. Hopes were high. The pledge "has the potential to dramatically change the philanthropic behavior of Americans," Carol Loomis wrote in an exclusive, semiofficial account in Fortune magazine. Brad Smith, then the president of the Foundation Center, said: "Any way you look at it, the Giving Pledge can turbocharge philanthropy for decades to come, and that is great news."


That has not happened.


There was an initial burst of enthusiasm. More than 90 families had signed on by the end of 2012. After that, the number of donors taking the Giving Pledge slowed. In late May, the latest group of new signatories was announced, including MacKenzie Bezos, the ex-wife of Amazon founder Jeff Bezos and one of the richest women in the world. The new additions brought the total to 204. Meanwhile, the vast majority of the ultrarich, in the United States and abroad, have taken a pass.


Nor has the pledge inspired greater generosity among all Americans. While charitable giving in the United States has grown along with the economy, total giving by individuals, foundations, and business adds up to about 2 percent of gross domestic product. It’s been stuck at that level for decades.


___________________________________________

COEXIST as a SYMBOL came about these few decades of CLINTON/BUSH/OBAMA -----making the major cultural arts and media especially in BUSH 2000s.  COEXIST is what we call the ECUMENICAL-----ONE WORLD ONE RELIGION movement with goals of ending mainstream religions to bring that 3000BC---HINDI BRAHMIN.  It is atheist  AND sometimes SATANIST-----but the SYMBOL sell PEACE, LOVE, AND UNDERSTANDING.

Back in 1970s this symbol was adopted by our GBLT movement-----where WOMEN/MEN gender equality ----E meaning EQUAL.  Today, that E------is more likely E=MC2 ----it is TRANSHUMANISTS.


ONE WORLD ONE RELIGION UNDER BRUTAL TOTALITARIANISM -----NOT COEXISTING WITH PEACE, LOVE, AND UNDERSTANDING.

Back in 1970s when we first saw this symbol is represented the EQUALITY AND CIVIL RIGHTS won  during 1960s. 

THIS SYMBOL HAS BEEN CORRUPTED----NOW USED BY GLOBAL BANKING 1% IN MOVING FORWARD.



Coexist (image) - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coexist_(image)

The Coexist image (often styled as "CoeXisT" or "COEXIST") is an image created by Polish, Warsaw -based graphic designer Piotr Młodożeniec [pl] in 2000 as an entry in an international art competition sponsored by the Museum on the Seam for Dialogue, Understanding and Coexistence.


COEXIST having a goal of ending major world religions----of bringing brutal TOTALITARIANISM killing all that 1970s EQUALITY and CIVIL RIGHTS-----would indeed create POPULATION TENSION-----POKING HOLES------as we see below.  It is not only RELIGIOUS people not liking those goals---it is WOMEN ---it is GBLT-----it is workers-----

Everything won during 1960-70s CIVIL RIGHTS is being dismanltled by global banking 1% now controlling that SYMBOL----COEXIST.



'Poking Holes in the Coexist Movement
www.thechurchguide.com/coexist.htm

The “Coexist” message first gained notoriety when created for a competition and trademarked by the Museum on the Seam for Dialogue, Understanding, and Coexistance. Its creator, Polish graphic designer, Piotr Mlodozeniec combined symbols for the Muslim, Jewish and Christian faiths in the word and intended it to be used to promote religious ...'




Co-exist bumpersticker - and its meaning
Posted by Fred Steiner on March 12, 2012 - 5:03pm

You've seen this bumpersticker in Bluffton. Here's what it means:
The designer, Piotr Mlodozeniec's basic coexistence design is uncomplicated and easy to understand. The design uses three symbols that stand for Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. Mlodozeniec modified the word "coexist" in the following ways:
  • for the letter "c," a crescent moon representing Islam is substituted
  • for the letter "x," the Star of David representing Judaism is substituted
  • for the letter "t," a cross representing Christianity is substituted
Today, there are several different versions of the coexist design. Starting with Mlodozeniec's conception, the newer designs add additional symbols:
  • for the letter "o," the peace symbol or pagan/Wiccan pentacle is substituted
  • for the letter "e," a male/female symbol or a scientific equation is substituted
  • for the letter "i," a pagan/Wiccan symbol is substituted
  • for the letter "s," a Chinese yin-yang symbol is substituted




The big fight over Coexist




By Phil Edwards@PhilEdwardsIncphil.edwards@vox.com Jun 8, 2016, 8:50am EDT




In the past 10 years, a new image joined the bumper sticker pantheon, right next to gratuitous honor student boasts and outdated political endorsements: Coexist.



A smorgasbord of religious and political signifiers, with a few seemingly random symbols thrown in for good measure, it's become its own symbol of a banal, graphically incoherent 21st-century hippie.



But the Coexist logo wasn't always just a trip to the semiotic bargain bin. At one time, it was vested with powerful design and real meaning. It's also the center of a long battle over who owns it and what it really means.


The Coexist logo began as part of a contest — and it actually looked goodThe Coexist logo didn't begin as an inelegant medley of beliefs and symbols. It began as a depiction of three religions:


Piotr Mlodozeniec designed it (you can see portions of our interview in the video above). I reached him in his house in Warsaw, Poland, and he spoke to me from a room decorated with colorful posters by him and his father, renowned Polish poster designer Jan Mlodozeniec.


The Coexist logo was created in 2000, in response to a contest held by the Museum of the Seam, a contemporary art museum in Jerusalem. The theme, "coexistence," was nice, but there were other reasons to enter too.




The Coexist symbol in Prague. (emka84/Shutterstock)
emka84/Shutterstock
"The prize was really good," Mlodozeniec says. "I started to think about that, and I always work with letters. I started to write this 'coexistence' in many ways."



He soon pulled together a design that incorporated symbols and letters (a few years before, when he'd designed a logo for a rock band, he'd already used a Christian cross to substitute for a T). The logo he designed was one of the last works he showed to his father before Jan died in 2000.


Mlodozeniec's design didn't win first in the contest, but it did become part of a 20-poster touring exhibition. For viewers, it was the standout entry in Jerusalem and around the world. But for Mlodozeniec, it was one design of many — a successful one, but not one that was particularly notable.


"I have many themes," Mlodozenic says. "When I was doing this poster in 2000, I liked this meaning of the word, because it's obvious. ... I was really pleased that I did this in a universal way."


He couldn't guess that it would become a viral symbol.
"I don't know what will happen — if it will get power or die after two days," he says. "I was very pleased that they liked it so much, that they blow it up to this big size ... and then I forgot about this."



Five years later, though, Coexist came back.




The Coexist logo starts a legal battle


One of the original Coexist T-shirts, modeled by a co-founder's girlfriend. (Promotional Photo)
In 2005, Mlodozeniec got a letter from the United States.


He was confused — a fashion label in the United States was seeking his permission to use the Coexist logo. The company wanted that permission so it could sue another company for using the logo.


"I didn't know what was going on," he says. "They registered it as their own logo."
That year, Billboard summarized the conflict: A group of Indiana University students said they'd seen the Coexist logo floating around on the internet. They made some minor modifications and trademarked it for their own lifestyle brand.


Their T-shirts were a hit — on March 12, 2005, the Bloomington International Herald-Times said that the entrepreneurs spotted Ashton Kutcher wearing their logo. Its success helped one of their models earn a modeling contract, and it allowed the recent graduates to become fashion mini moguls. The T-shirts retailed for $50 or more.


But with that success came a need to protect the trademark. Charitably, the group may have had an overzealous legal team eager to protect a booming business. Less charitably, they fought to strangle an idea they didn't come up with. (I reached out to one of the designers for comment but didn't hear back.) Now Mlodozeniec was embroiled in the legal battles of some designers from a faraway place called "Indiana."
"They wrote to me and asked for help. I was really mad at this. Nobody asked me for permission," Mlodozeniec says, even though one of the co-founders told Newsday that Mlodozeniec had given them his blessing. Eventually he engaged his own lawyers to make sure the logo wasn't registered by others around the world.


By that point, the Coexist design was already a phenomenon. U2's Bono said he saw the symbol graffitied in Chicago, and he quickly made it a focal point of the band's 2005 Vertigo tour (it shows up on the DVD label as well).

As the Indiana Coexist contingent scrambled to get branded gear on Bono's head (or on merch tables for the rest of the tour), Mlodozeniec and the Museum of the Seam simply wanted an acknowledgment of the original designer. They eventually got it as a small credit in one of the DVD releases.



But by then, Mlodozeniec's elegant design had taken on a life of its own.


The Coexist logo becomes a cluttered mess


When Mlodozeniec first saw the bumper sticker design, he wasn't upset about copyright infringement. "They don't steal my own sign," he says, "but wanted to improve it and make it better." His problem with it wasn't legal but aesthetic.
"It looked really poor and bad."


Despite the differences, the new school of design faced its own legal issues from the Indiana luxury brand. (I talked to one Coexist seller who was hesitant to speak on the record, even today, because of the legal threats he faced in the mid-2000s.)

From there, the Coexist logo metastasized even further, forming new random appendages and philosophic and religious associations.


Suddenly, Mlodozeniec found his own professional identity was tied to a range of Coexist logos, none of which represented his aesthetic — including the one he designed.


The original Coexist logo was born from a long tradition of Polish design


Mlodozeniec's work is colorful and intentionally rough around the edges, and that look is part of a lively tradition of Polish poster making. To my American, art history dilettante eye, his work looked like a mix of Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat, but it's really part of a tradition that predates both those artists.



I'd never thought about Polish graphic design royalty before talking to Piotr Mlodozeniec, but I came away understanding that he's part of it. He's a member of a strong aesthetic and political tradition (as seen in his 1990 poster for Polish leader Lech Walesa). Studying under Polish poster designer Henryk Tomaszewski, he developed his own approach to graphic design, and it rarely looked like his famous Coexist logo.


"I've worked as a graphic designer almost 36 years. What I do is rather different than this ascetic black and white, no letters, no color, nothing," he says. "This image Coexist is a little different from my genre, my style."


"Articles always talk about me as creator of the Coexist logo. ... I make a lot of stuff. Many of them are as good as this Coexist sign, but in my opinion, many of them are even better."


Despite his ambivalent relationship with the viral logo, Mlodozeniec has found that it's become more, not less, meaningful over time.


Coexist means more now than it ever did

The Coexist logo doesn't just belong to scuffed Saab bumpers in co-op parking lots. Today, the legal battles are behind it and it's being used by new trademark owners to raise real money for change (not just make a profit for its sellers).



For Mlodozeniec, what began as a graphic design job became something more meaningful.


"In 2000, the situation was not so complicated as today," he says. But 9/11 changed world politics, and continuing crises in Europe made coexistence between different religious and ethnic groups more of a practical necessity. In 2016, there's real action to be taken on issues that were more abstract just 15 years ago.


"Today," Mlodozeniec says, "Coexist is a must. You have to do it."

________________________________________

I was listening to morning FAKE NEWS seeing a political analyst/journalist from CARNEGIE FOUNDATION. CARNEGIE the library/public school left money in a foundation which today is pushing the opposite of philanthropy----

Below we see one example-----ALONZO tied to BALTIMORE public K-12 as attacking---dismantling all that is our public K-12. He was the earliest in dismantling and today we are MOVING FORWARD global corporate campus schools-----pre-K TO CAREER APPRENTICESHIP with no freedom---no liberty---no justice---and no ability of parent/student/teacher to have that OPPORTUNITY AND ACCESS which CARNEGIE/PRATT embraced.

'Andres Alonso Named Chair and Hayagreeva Rao Elected to Carnegie Foundation Board

April 10, 2015

We are pleased to announce that the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has elected Andrés Antonio Alonso as board chair, and welcomes Hayagreeva “Huggy” Rao as a new board member. Both appointments become effective immediately'.




So problem is not that our LATINO/HISPANIC citizens are getting positions ---the problem is the EDUCATION/INTELLECTUAL PRODUCT ACCESS disappearing.

One is not RACIST when one is protecting REAL LEFT SOCIAL PROGRESSIVE LIBERAL CAPITALISM bringing REAL free market opportunity and access for ALL.



RAO is global banking 1% OLD WORLD KINGS----ASIAN------ALONZO is global banking 1% OLD WORLD KINGS SPANISH -----tied to extreme wealth extreme poverty LIBERTARIAN MARXISM.

CARNEGIE of last century invested in growing AMERICA as a sovereign nation------CARNEGIE FOUNDATION of today invested in colonizing US with global corporate MARXISM.




'youtube.com
Have Mercy - Coexist (Official Music Video)

The official music video for "Coexist" off Have Mercy's new album 'Make…


The official music video for "Coexist" off Have Mercy's new album 'Make The Best Of It,' available now on Hopeless Records! ►Get the new album 'Make The Best...'



COEXIST as a global banking 1% FREEMASON STAR music group taking that COEXIST as PEACE, LOVE, AND UNDERSTANDING and making it a population group tension symbol tied to bringing US to colonial status------which kills NATIVE AMERICANS. As we say often today's NATIVE AMERICANS are those 99% OF WE THE WHITE EUROPEAN MEN.

US FOREIGN ECONOMIC ZONES as colonial entities will be a supermajority of global labor pool---global foreign rich------not so much US 99% WE THE PEOPLE whether black, white, or brown---whether women or men---whether GBLT or straight.

This video can be seen as a EUROPEAN CHRISTIAN which the US has a history of being---being HUNTED------looking for MERCY-----

WATCH OUT FOR THE HOSTING SERVER NOSY NEIGHBORS AND THE GANG-----WORKING FOR GLOBAL BANKING 1%.


COEXIST is morphing to what was original intent-----far-right wing, extreme wealth extreme poverty militarized LIBERTARIAN MARXISM.

YOU WILL COEXIST---

'Totalitarianism
- Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is a political concept of a mode of government that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control over public and private life. It is regarded as the most extreme and complete form of authoritarianism'.



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    Cindy Walsh is a lifelong political activist and academic living in Baltimore, Maryland.

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